Wen Shukai Pineapple Finance (ID: kaiboluocaijing), written by Wu Jiaoying, edited by Jin Jinwen.

The story of mala Tang in the alley finally comes to the page of listing.

A few days ago, Shanghai Yang Guofu Enterprise Management (Group) Co., Ltd. submitted an application for listing to the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, and officially rushed to "Mala Tang First Share".

A couple in Northeast China who used to make a living by setting up stalls opened 5,783 stores in the whole country and even overseas. The story sounds inspiring, but the business behind it is not brilliant.

Large-scale franchise system and chain operation of extremely light assets enable Yang Guofu to expand rapidly at the lowest cost and seize market share and head position. To put it bluntly, Yang Guofu earns all the money from franchisees, such as collecting franchise fees, selling bottom materials and reselling ingredients.

5,780 franchisees generate about 1.1 billion revenue for Yang Guofu every year, and the brand net interest rate is as high as 15%-17%. For franchisees, it seems that there is no loss. According to Yang Guofu official website, the gross profit rate of its franchisees is as high as 65%, the initial investment is 100,000-300,000, and the monthly net profit is 10,000-40,000. Under normal circumstances, it will be paid back in seven months.

Yang Guofu’s Mala Tang business is booming, but there is no financing before listing. In the eyes of capital, Mala Tang is not a good track, not only because the category ceiling is relatively low, but also because the profit margin contributed by the store to the brand under the franchise mode is too small.

The uncertainty of Yang Guofu in the capital market in the future is also considered to come from this large-scale franchise model with shared management cost and decentralized management power, such as the food safety risks it may bring, the irregularities in franchise stores, the challenge to the internal management ability of brands by continuing to scale up, and the persuasion of consumers by "high price but not high end".

Back in 2003, Mr. and Mrs. Yang Guofu opened their first mala Tang store in Harbin. At first, it was called "Yangji Mala Tang", but there was no memory. The boss simply named it after himself and changed it to "Yang Guofu Mala Tang".

The couple made some improvements to Mala Tang, which was popular in Northeast China at that time. The bottom of the pot was less oily and more soup, and noodles and other staple foods could be added, which was more in line with the eating habits of northerners and became their signature — — "You can drink mala Tang".

Yang Guofu Mala Tang, which is doing well in business, opened its first franchise store in 2007, and in the following 15 years, it spread rapidly in the streets all over the country. According to the prospectus, there are currently 5,783 stores in Yang Guofu Mala Tang. Except for 3 direct stores in Shanghai, the rest are franchise stores, and 21 of them are overseas.

According to the prospectus, from January to September in 2019, 2020 and 2021, the revenue of Yang Guofu Mala Tang was 1.18 billion, 1.11 billion and 1.16 billion respectively, of which the revenue contributed by franchisees was around 90% every year, reaching 1.04 billion, 1.06 billion and 1.1 billion respectively.

The bulk of Yang Guofu’s income is the "raw material price difference" earned from franchisees. According to the prospectus, there are three major names, one isCollect the joining fee, system maintenance fee, training fee and deposit from franchisees.Wait; The second isSell raw materials to franchisees, mainly the bottom material produced by Yang Guofu’s own factory; The third isResale raw materials and equipment to franchiseesIt requires franchisees to purchase raw materials from brands in a unified way.

During the reporting period, Yang Guofu collected various fees such as joining fees every year, which was about 0.5-0.6 billion yuan; The sales income of self-produced raw materials is about 300 million; Reselling raw materials and equipment earned the most, reaching about 700 million.

During this period, the corresponding gross profit margin increased from 27.9% in 2019 to 30.2% in 2021, because Yang Guofu’s factory in Chengdu, Sichuan Province was put into production in September 2018. With the increase of production line and output, the scale effect appeared and the marginal cost was continuously reduced.

In the view of Li Yingtao, the research director of Analysys Brand Retail Industry Center, the running data of enterprises that make money by joining will not be too good-looking, but for Yang Guofu in the expansion stage, joining mode is almost an inevitable choice.

The joining mode of light assets has indeed reduced Yang Guofu’s expenses to the greatest extent. At the same time, because franchisees are responsible for their own profits and losses, this model can also help enterprises hedge some risks, such as sharing the cost burden of manpower and rent for enterprises during the epidemic.

For example, the company currently has 464 employees, but the employee cost is only over 30 million per year; Its research and development expenses are less than 2.5 million in the first three quarters of 2021, and only 630,000 in 2019; Advertising marketing expenses were less than 5 million in the first three quarters of 2021, and even only 770,000 in 2019.

Under the low-cost operation, the profits of Yang Guofu during the reporting period reached 180 million, 170 million and 220 million, and the net interest rate was as high as 15%-17%.. Compared with other catering brands in online celebrity, Yang Guofu can really be said to be "making small money in silence".

According to Li Yingtao’s analysis, the golden time for the rapid rise of an industry is only 3-5 years. The joining mode is more conducive to Yang Guofu’s market sinking, and it can quickly seize market share through scale. Moreover, this is also in line with the cost-effective attribute of mala Tang category in public perception.

Judging from the distribution of stores,The sinking trend of the Yang Guofu market is indeed obvious. According to the prospectus, 45% of its stores are located in third-tier cities and below, 43% in second-tier cities, and only about 12% in first-tier cities.

Yang Guofu made a lot of money by joining in. Was the franchisee "cut leek"?

According to official website, Yang Guofu, the cost of joining its stores is not high, with 23,900 yuan in first-tier cities, 13,900 yuan in second-and third-tier cities, 10,900 yuan in county towns, 6,900 yuan in towns and villages, and 39,900 yuan in Beijing. Plus deposit, advertising expenses, equipment, early raw materials, decoration, rent, manpower and other expenses, the total investment amount ranges from 109,200 yuan to 281,900 yuan.

In addition, according to its profit analysis in official website,The gross profit margin of franchise stores can reach 65%This is roughly consistent with the average gross profit margin of the industry that Kaipineapple Finance learned. In Beijing, first, second and third tier cities, counties and towns, the unit price of customers is calculated according to 20 yuan, 18 yuan, 16 yuan, 14 yuan, 12 yuan and 10 yuan respectively.The annual net profit under normal passenger flow can reach 158,400 yuan-489,600 yuan respectively.. According to this estimate, the return period of a Yang Guofu Mala Tang franchise store is about 7 months.

Take franchise stores in first-tier cities in the first three quarters of 2021 as an example. The average annual purchase amount of each store is 315,000, which is the raw material cost of a store. According to the gross profit margin of 65%, a store’s revenue in three quarters is about 900,000, and its annual revenue is about 1.2 million, which is basically consistent with the profit analysis given by official website.

Many analysts believe that mala Tang is indeed a good business for franchisees.

"Mala Tang is a daily fast food, with rich ingredients and high consumer acceptance; It is highly standardized, easy to be copied and addictive. In addition, this category has lower requirements for chefs and service personnel and lower labor costs than other Chinese foods. " Li Yingtao pointed out that the most important thing is that the gross profit margin is relatively high.

Of course, this is also the reason why Yang Guofu can quickly open stores and form a large-scale chain format by joining.

In the past two years, the Chinese catering industry has enjoyed the same scenery in the capital market, with hot pot, barbecue, noodle restaurant and pot-stewed flavor being thrown all over. Mala Tang, with a market size of nearly 200 billion, has attracted little attention.

According to public information, only two brands in the mala Tang industry have received financing, among which Xiaoman pepper mala Tang, which was established in 2015, received three rounds of financing from 2018 to 2021; In addition, Fuke Mala Tang received a financing of tens of millions of yuan in 2017. Yang Guofu and Sean, two industry giants, have never had financing experience.

"The problem lies in the supply side." Ling Xiao, an investor in the catering field, told Kaipineapple Finance.

The first is the business model. Ling Xiao analyzed that if the direct marketing model is adopted, the brand will face a relatively long capital cycle, but also take into account regional site selection and store management, and the expansion will be very slow. But if the joining mode is adopted,The raw material cost of the store is the brand’s supply chain income, and the high gross profit of the store means that it contributes less to the brand’s profit.. "Even in such a large-scale Yang Guofu, nearly 6,000 stores contribute 1.1 billion a year, which is not too much."

In addition, the game between franchisees and brands is inevitable. "In fact, it is difficult for brands to completely control the food selection and supply chain of stores.In order to reduce the cost, some franchisees may bypass the managers to purchase by themselves, and as a result, the product quality becomes difficult to control.. "LingXiao said.

The existing competition pattern in the industry has also discouraged many investors. In the past two years, the pyramid features of mala Tang industry are obvious, with the head position being seized by Yang Guofu Mala Tang and Sean Mala Tang, and the waist and tail being divided by more street mala Tang shops. Ling Xiao commented, "The track is basically formed, with little incremental space and difficult differentiation.. "

Just because Yang Guofu is large in scale, profitable and has few rivals does not mean that it can sit back and relax.

Judging from the prospectus,Franchisees are not loyal to Yang Guofu.. In 2019, the number of newly opened and closed stores was 986 and 1068 respectively. By the first nine months of 2021, the number of newly opened and closed stores was 962 and 439 respectively. At the same time, more and more stores have been operating for less than two years, and fewer and fewer stores have been open for more than three years.

Many analysts believe that,There is great uncertainty about Yang Guofu’s performance in the capital market, and the first one is the hidden worry of the large-scale franchise model..

According to the prospectus, Yang Guofu does not directly manage a large number of franchise stores, but hires and authorizes third-party enterprises to help manage and supervise the operation of franchise stores. Generally speaking, the authorization management period is one year, and the service fee paid by the brand to the third-party enterprises is directly linked to the performance of the franchise stores, the purchase amount and the number of new stores. By the end of September 2021, there were 18 third-party partners.

"This model is equivalent to sharing the management costs, letting the third party undertake the management functions, and also obtaining the so-called management profits. But at the same time, alsoIt reflects that a company’s organizational ability is relatively poor, and it has no strong cross-regional management ability and self-built team ability.. "LingXiao analysis.

Under this franchise management system, in the past few years, Yang Guofu Mala Tang has been repeatedly exposed to food safety problems.

In 2017, more than 20 stores were exposed to the problem of inconsistent licenses on the take-away platform; In 2018, a store was exposed to employees who put their feet on the counter when cutting meat; In July, 2021, a blogger made an unannounced visit to his store, and photographed that there were some problems in the kitchen, such as the ingredients continued to be used after being bitten by rats, the dishcloth for washing vegetables was used to clean shoes, and the meat was directly cooked without washing.

"The attention of listed companies is higher and more concentrated.Once food safety or product quality problems occur, the voice of public opinion will be rapidly amplified, which will have a negative impact on the stock price.. "Li Yingtao said.

He believes that there are still two problems to be verified in Yang Guofu’s joining model. First,Can the management and control of franchisees be continuously and stably put in place after listing?"The more it develops to the later stage and the larger the scale, the less stamina and explosive power it will have to join." The second isListed companies must comply with regulations.Some non-compliance phenomena of existing franchisees must be corrected, which also tests the management and control ability of enterprises.

Ling Xiao believes that the performance of enterprises in the secondary market is related to their growth in the long run. "At present, there is no second growth curve in Yang Guofu, and the ceiling of this category of mala Tang is relatively low. Even if the size of the store doubles again after three or four years, it is difficult to see the profit increase."

When the ceiling of scale gradually appears, Yang Guofu’s income-increasing strategy seems to be leaning towards the other end of the scale — — Raise the price. Judging from the feedback from some consumers,Although it is weighed by the catty, the price is opaque and is becoming more and more expensive.

The profit analysis table of its joining in official website shows that the per capita consumption of the stores in Beijing with the highest customer unit price is only 20 yuan. According to the prospectus, the unit prices of Yang Guofu’s three direct stores in Shanghai in the past three years were 34.3 yuan, 32.3 yuan and 29.3 yuan respectively. However, this price is different from many consumers’ feedback. On social platforms, there are many consumers’ feedback, and a normal amount of mala Tang can usually reach 40 to 50 yuan. Even in the county, a price can easily reach more than 30 yuan.

In Ling Xiao’s view, the price of mala Tang has a ceiling.It is unlikely to tell high-end stories. "The concept of cheap fast food has been deeply rooted in people’s hearts. Perhaps the brand will slowly raise the price according to the relationship between supply and demand or with confidence in the product, but when consumers find that the psychological expectation gap is too large, it is likely to reduce the frequency of consumption."

"Playing the scale first and then raising the value is more suitable for the early stage of the rapid development of the industry.After the scale and profit are stable, enterprises must cultivate ‘ Internal strength ’Otherwise, the future development pressure will be very great. "Specific to Yang Guofu, in Li Yingtao’s view, perhaps the first step is to enhance channel control and direct profitability, such as slowly reducing franchise stores and increasing the proportion of direct stores.

Note: At the request of the interviewee, Ling Xiao and Pepe are pseudonyms.

　　"Food security is ‘ The big country ’ " ;

　　"I have always been very concerned about grain production, and I often go to the fields to have a look when I do grassroots research";

　　"Never let others get stuck in our necks on the basic survival problem of eating";

　　"Ensuring the supply of primary products is a major strategic issue. Chinese’s rice bowl must be firmly in its own hands at all times, and the rice bowl is mainly filled with China grain";

　　… … … …

　　From the "granary" in Northeast China to the Loess Plateau, from the land of plenty to Bashan and Shushui, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader is concerned about food security and agricultural enterprises. Going deep into the fields, carefully examining the growth of crops and crossing the footprints of mountains and rivers have condensed the general secretary’s deep concern for "China rice bowl".

　　The earnest warning of "firmly grasping the initiative of food security" has turned into a solid action of "grasping food production every year" In the past ten years, the vast number of agricultural enterprises have kept in mind the earnest entrustment, cherished the "country’s greatness", ploughed deep into the vast fields, and strived to safeguard national food security and explore agricultural modernization. In the past ten years, the vast number of agricultural enterprises have driven thousands of households and promoted the upgrading of the grain industry. The grain output has been stable at more than 1.3 trillion Jin for seven consecutive years and reached a new level of 100 billion Jin in 10 years. The secure "China Grain, China Rice Bowl" won the initiative to cope with various risks and challenges.

　　The rice bowl is served together and the responsibility is shouldered together.

　　"It is true at any time to have food in your hand and not panic in your heart."

　　"For a big country with a population of 1.4 billion, the basic position of agriculture cannot be ignored or weakened at any time. It is true at any time that there is food in hand and there is no panic in the heart."

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader, Yu Siwei, spoke of the importance of food security.

　　Three rivers rush, fertile fields stretch, and fertile fields are vertical and horizontal. Beidahuang Agricultural Reclamation Group Co., Ltd., which grew up in black land, is an important national commodity grain base and grain strategic reserve base with the largest cultivated land and the strongest comprehensive production capacity in China, and its annual grain output can meet the annual rations supply of 160 million urban and rural residents.

　　In September 2018, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader came to Heilongjiang Agricultural Reclamation Jiansanjiang Administration (now Jiansanjiang Branch of Beidahuang Agricultural Reclamation Group Co., Ltd.) for investigation and investigation. Seven-Star Farm’s 10,000-acre land is endless. The general secretary walked into the rice field and picked up a handful of rice ears to see the rice grains and the quality. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader said with emotion: "More than half a century has passed, and great changes have taken place in the Great Northern Wilderness. The development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence is remarkable, which is very inspiring and inspiring."

　　The farmer’s hand-held land guide who listened at the scene was full of emotions: "The general secretary cares about food from the bottom of his heart and cares about this black land!"

　　The general secretary’s deep concern, everyone keep in mind the heart, riveting enough energy to grow good food. The land guide said: "How to cultivate land efficiently and how to increase production, we study it wholeheartedly. Now there are satellites in the sky and ‘ Iron cow ’ ，‘ Cloud ’ There is still big data running in the park, and the black land is more energetic and the grain output is more stable. "

　　"Keep in mind the entrustment, strengthen the responsibility, stabilize the area, increase the production capacity, and ensure the supply, so that the Great Northern Wilderness will become a food security ‘ Big granary ’ 。” Wang Shoucong, Party Secretary and Chairman of Beidahuang Group, said. At present, the annual grain transfer volume of Beidahuang Group is stable at more than 40 billion Jin, and it has sold 1 trillion Jin of commercial grain for the country in the past 75 years.

　　Agricultural enterprises are duty-bound to stabilize the "China rice bowl". Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the vast number of agricultural enterprises have kept in mind the entrustment, given full play to their professional advantages, identified their roles, fulfilled their social responsibilities, and escorted food security.

　　Be brave in innovation and strive to be a new force in growing grain through science and technology.

　　Seeds are the key to China’s food security. On April 10th this year, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed during his investigation in Yazhouwan Seed Laboratory, Sanya City, Hainan Province: "It is necessary to focus on ensuring food security and the supply of important agricultural products, and realize the self-reliance of seed industry in science and technology, and the independent control of seed sources, and use China seeds to ensure food security in China."

　　The light and heat in Hainan’s southern breeding base gave birth to new seeds. "The encouragement of the General Secretary has injected strong confidence into us to cultivate more China seeds." Every season in the south, Zhang Peng, a breeding expert of Syngenta Group under China Sinochem, appears in Tiantou on time like a migratory bird. "The team planted more than 20,000 breeding materials, tested and matched more than 5,000 combinations, and created more than 3,000 new breeding materials, just to find green and high-quality rice varieties." In 2021, Syngenta Group selected 180 excellent varieties.

　　"We always insist on writing the paper on black land, so that China grain can be planted in China." As the director of Jiansanjiang National Agricultural Science and Technology Park of Beidahuang Group, Li Xiaohui and his colleagues have been deeply involved in provenance research and development, improved seed breeding and other fields. The total area of high-quality rice has reached 31 million mu, and the average yield of rice has increased from less than 400 kg to 620 kg.

　　Enterprises are the main body of innovation and an important force to implement grain storage in technology. The vast number of agricultural enterprises aim at key links such as seed breeding, new product promotion and agronomic improvement, and carry out key research to insert scientific and technological wings for agriculture. At present, the contribution rate of agricultural science and technology progress in China has exceeded 61%.

　　Dare to take responsibility and strive to be a pathfinder for farmland protection.

　　"Farmland is farmland, and it must be fertile." Grain is stored in the ground, and the foundation of granaries in big countries is constantly consolidated.

　　"Three-dimensional planting, green circulation, let the soil eat ‘ Nutritional meal ’ The soil fertility has been restored. " Yang Yang, technical director of Zhongnong Chuangda (Beijing) Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd. said, "We have made breakthroughs in organic solid waste film composting technology and waste resource utilization carbon reduction and nitrogen fixation technology. The new technology can reduce the average chemical fertilizer per mu by more than 10% and increase the grain yield per mu by 5% to 10%. "

　　Restoring black soil fertility, improving saline-alkali land and building high-standard farmland … … Agricultural enterprises are everywhere. Aim at the weaknesses of the shortcomings, protect the ecology of cultivated land, and make every inch of cultivated land a fertile ground for harvest.

　　Accelerate the construction of a new agricultural management system

　　"Drive the vast number of small farmers to diversify and grow good grain"

　　In the rice fields, the green waves are churning and the seedlings are thriving.

　　"By agricultural machinery, we can not only farm, but also ‘ Hui ’ Farming. If you have an order, you will know that you can sell it at a good price when you plant it. Now farming is more promising. " Zhang Jinghui, a rice grower in Qixing Farm of Jiansanjiang Branch, said with emotion, "The grain harvest is much faster and better, and the income has been increased in recent years."

　　The new home with three bedrooms and one living room is spacious and bright, and the photo with the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader is hung in the most conspicuous position in the living room. Every time I recall the scene when the Supreme Leader General Secretary visited Qixing Farm, Zhang Jinghui felt warm and excited. "I reported to the General Secretary that my own rice has a brand and the sales are quite good. The general secretary nodded and said it was good. "

　　"Follow the farm and manage the land well, even how many holes are dug per square meter in the field and how many seedlings are inserted in each hole." Since September 2018, Zhang Jinghui’s brand rice sales have doubled.

　　Small farmers in big countries, "who will plant the land" and "how to plant the land", the general secretary of the supreme leader has a deep insight and a pulse.

　　"It is necessary to strengthen the popularization and application of modern agricultural science and technology and technical training, and organize large grain growers";

　　"Actively cultivate new agricultural business entities, develop and strengthen agricultural socialized service organizations, and encourage and support small farmers to take the road of development that combines with modern agriculture";

　　"I hope that large grain growers will give full play to the advantages of scale operation, actively apply modern agricultural science and technology, and drive the vast number of small farmers to diversify and grow good grain, and contribute to national food security together";

　　… … … …

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the vast number of agricultural enterprises have kept in mind the entrustment of the General Secretary, given full play to the advantages of capital, technology and talents, and brought small farmers into modern agriculture, so that the vast number of farmers can truly take on the "golden pole".

　　Leading by the leader, the joint agriculture is strong.

　　As the agricultural "national team", agricultural reclamation enterprises have taken action. "Unified seed supply, unified prevention and control, unified harvesting, taking farmers into the market, more than 600,000 mu of cultivated land directly increased income by more than 130 million yuan per year." Ma Zhen Hui, the person in charge of Anhui Nongken Longkang Farm, said.

　　"Signed a trusteeship agreement with the Great Northern Wilderness, and we have big agricultural machinery for farming and harvesting, so I became a ‘ Shopkeeper of cutting ’ 。” Zhang Zhendong, a villager from Qianjin Village, Zhaoguang Town, Bei ‘an City, Heilongjiang Province, said. Beidahuang Group set up 10 regional agricultural service centers in Heilongjiang Province, and in 2021, it entrusted 10.8 million mu of land in the surrounding rural areas, increasing farmers’ income by 640 million yuan.

　　Leading enterprises and other new business entities are developing vigorously, giving full play to the role of linking agriculture with agriculture. By the end of 2021, there were more than 90,000 leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization at or above the county level, including 1,959 national key leading enterprises.

　　Interest connection, benefiting farmers and enriching farmers.

　　"When the new grain is listed, our daily purchase volume remains at around 400 tons, and the purchase price reaches 1.55 yuan." Li Quliang, general manager of Xinyuan Flour Co., Ltd., Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province, said, "The annual processing capacity of enterprises’ wheat is 130,000 tons, and more than 20,000 mu of wheat has been developed, driving more than 30 large growers."

　　Ordered grain and land trust … … More and more agricultural enterprises play a leading role and establish a close interest linkage mechanism. Leading enterprises pull, farmers’ cooperatives and family farms follow, and farmers participate. By the end of 2020, more than 7,000 industrialization consortia have been formed in China.

　　Turn the "big granary" into a "big kitchen"

　　"Building a modern agricultural base, large enterprises and large industries"

　　Say goodbye to the trouble of "being" and meet the challenge of "being good". The consumption upgrading of urban and rural residents requires both quantity and quality, and grain production is facing new challenges.

　　In May 2016, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed during his investigation in Heilongjiang: "It is necessary to deepen the reform of the state-owned agricultural reclamation system and build a modern agricultural base, large enterprises and large industries."

　　Rice produced in black land has brought Daoxiang into thousands of households. Soybeans are transformed into soybean oil, soybean powder and other products and put on supermarket shelves. "The important speech of the General Secretary points out the direction for our work." Wang Shoucong said. Great Northern Wilderness Group optimizes varieties, improves quality, shapes brands, pays special attention to "the head of the grain eats the tail" and "the head of the farmer works the tail", and makes more "original brand names" become "new brand names".

　　"Now talking about food security is actually food security";

　　"On the basis of ensuring national food security, efforts should be made to optimize the industrial product structure";

　　"Give full play to its own advantages, seize the core competitiveness of grain, extend the grain industry chain, upgrade the value chain, build a supply chain, continuously improve the quality, efficiency and competitiveness of agriculture, and realize the unity of food security and modern efficient agriculture";

　　… … … …

　　After repeated investigations and important speeches, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader drew a blueprint for the high-quality development of the grain industry and pointed out the direction.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, "granaries" have been transformed into "kitchens". The vast number of agricultural enterprises are staring at the market to promote transformation, and the planting, marketing and sales are interlocking. The primary, secondary and tertiary industries are deeply integrated, so that the effective supply can keep up, the development of modern agriculture is fast, and new kinetic energy is strong.

　　Improve quality and supply more.

　　Polygonum cymosum wheat, full grain, bright color. "The yield per mu of new varieties has exceeded 800 kilograms for three consecutive years." Hou Yuanjiang, general manager of Shandong Qingfeng Seed Co., Ltd. said, "We have combined improved seed breeding with variety demonstration to drive more than 5,000 farmers in more than 30 villages to plant high-quality wheat, and the purchase price is 10% higher than the market."

　　The project of improving varieties, improving quality and high-quality grain has been carried out in depth. At present, 236 "China Good Grain and Oil" products have been selected nationwide, directly driving the increase of high-quality grain by more than 50 million tons.

　　Extend the chain and strengthen the chain, and connect the workshop in the field.

　　"Digesting about 110,000 tons of flour, about 60,000 tons of glutinous rice flour and about 20,000 tons of glutinous rice a year, researching and producing more than 500 varieties, and enriching the dining table for residents." Wang Peng, CEO of Missing Food, said. Today, 1/3 of instant noodles and 3/5 of glutinous rice balls are produced in Henan.

　　Looking at the whole country, in 2020, the grain industry will achieve an annual total industrial output value of 3.2 trillion yuan. Strong industry, safe food, high-quality development of food industry, mutual promotion of stable production and income increase, and promotion of national food security to a higher level.

　　Polish the brand and the market will be broader.

　　"Standardized and green production, polishing ‘ Yutai rice ’ Regional public brands let good rice sell at a good price. " Zhao Xinghua, Director of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau of Yutai County, Shandong Province, introduced. At present, the county has developed 26,500 mu of high-quality characteristic rice.

　　More and more high-quality grain and oil brands are on the dining table of residents, constantly meeting diversified and personalized consumer demand. During the "Fourteenth Five-Year Plan" period, a number of leading grain enterprises and well-known grain and oil brands with market competitiveness will be formed throughout the country, and the increase of high-quality grain will increase by more than 10% annually.

　　The vast fields are full of vitality, and agricultural enterprises are bravely moving forward. On the new journey, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core and adhering to the guidance of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, the vast number of agricultural enterprises are making unremitting efforts and making new and greater contributions to stabilizing China’s rice bowl.

The States Parties to this Convention,
　　Recognize that need to determine by agreement a numb of rules governing the carriage of goods by sea,
　　Decided to conclude a convention for this purpose, and agreed as follows:
　　The first part of the general rules

　　The first definition
　　In this Convention:
　　1. "Carrier" means any person who has entered into a contract of carriage of goods by sea with the shipper by himself or in his name.
　　2. "Actual carrier" means any person entrusted by the carrier to carry out the transport of goods or part of the transport of goods, including any other person entrusted to carry out this transport.
　　3. "Shipper" means any person who has entered into a contract of carriage of goods by sea with a carrier or who has actually delivered the goods to the carrier related to the contract of carriage of goods by sea.
　　4. "Consignee" means the person who has the right to take delivery of the goods.
　　5. "Goods" include live animals. Where goods are packed in containers, pallets or similar means of transport, or goods are packaged, and such means of transport or packaging are provided by the shipper, "goods" include them.
　　6. "Contract of carriage by sea" means any contract under which the carrier collects freight and undertakes to transport goods from one port to another by sea; However, a contract that includes both maritime transport and some other modes of transport is regarded as a contract of carriage by sea within the scope of this Convention.
　　7. "Bill of Lading" refers to a document used to prove the contract of carriage by sea and that the goods are taken over or loaded by the carrier, so that the carrier can guarantee the delivery of the goods. The stipulation in the document that the goods should be delivered to the designated consignee or to the order, or to the holder of the bill of lading constitutes this guarantee.
　　8. "Written" includes, among other means, telegram and telex.

　　Article 2 Scope of application
　　1. The provisions of this Convention apply to all contracts of carriage by sea between two different countries if:
　　(a) The port of loading stipulated in the contract of carriage by sea is located in a Contracting State, or
　　(b) The port of discharge stipulated in the contract of carriage by sea is located in a Contracting State, or
　　(c) One of the alternative ports of discharge stipulated in the contract of carriage by sea is the actual port of discharge, and the port is located in a Contracting State, or
　　(d) The bill of lading or other documents evidencing the contract of carriage by sea is issued in a Contracting State, or
　　(e) The bill of lading or other documents evidencing the contract of carriage by sea stipulates that the provisions of this Convention or the legislation of any country implementing this Convention shall bind the contract.
　　2. The provisions of this Convention shall apply irrespective of the nationality of the ship, the carrier, the actual carrier, the shipper, the consignee or any other interested person.
　　3. The provisions of this Convention do not apply to charterparties. However, if the bill of lading is issued in accordance with the charter party and the relationship between the carrier and the holder of the bill of lading who is not the charterer is drawn, the provisions of this Convention shall apply to the bill of lading.
　　If the contract stipulates that the goods will be transported in batches within an agreed time limit, the provisions of this Convention shall apply to each batch of transportation. However, if the transportation is carried out in accordance with the charter party, the provisions of paragraph 3 of this article shall apply.

　　Article 3 Interpretation of this Convention
　　When interpreting and applying the provisions of this Convention, attention should be paid to the international nature of this Convention and the need to promote unification.

　　Part II Liability of the Carrier

　　Article 4 Period of responsibility
　　1. According to this Convention, the period of the carrier’s responsibility for the goods includes all the periods when the goods are in the carrier’s charge at the port of loading, during the transit and at the port of discharge.
　　2. For the purposes of paragraph 1 of this article, the carrier shall be deemed to be in charge of the goods during the following period:
　　(a) Since the carrier takes over the goods from:
　　(i) The shipper or a person acting on his behalf; or
　　(ii) According to the applicable laws or regulations at the port of loading, the goods must be delivered to the authorities where they are shipped or other third parties;
　　(b) Until the carrier delivers the goods to:
　　(i) Deliver the goods to the consignee; or
　　(ii) If the consignee fails to take delivery of the goods from the carrier, the goods shall be placed under the control of the consignee in accordance with the contract or the applicable laws or special trade practices at the port of discharge; or
　　(iii) Deliver the goods to the authorities or other third parties who must deliver them according to the laws or regulations applicable at the port of discharge.
　　3. The carrier or consignee mentioned in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article means not only the carrier and the consignee, but also the servant or agent of the carrier or the consignee respectively.

　　Article 5 Basis of Responsibility
　　1. Unless the carrier proves that his servant or agent has taken all reasonable measures to avoid the accident and its consequences, the carrier shall be liable for the losses caused by the loss of or damage to the goods or the delay in delivery. If the accident that caused the loss, damage or delay in delivery occurred while the carrier was in charge, as mentioned in Article 4.
　　2. If the goods fail to be delivered at the port of discharge stipulated in the contract of carriage by sea within the clearly agreed time, or if there is no such agreement, they fail to be delivered at the port of discharge within the time reasonably required by a diligent carrier in consideration of the actual situation, it is a delay in delivery.
　　3. If the goods are not delivered in accordance with the requirements of Article 4 within 60 consecutive days after the delivery time stipulated in Paragraph 2 of this Article expires, the person entitled to claim for the loss of the goods may regard the goods as lost.
　　4. (a) The carrier is liable for:
　　(i) The loss, damage or delay in delivery of the goods caused by the fire, if the claimant proves that the fire was caused by the fault or negligence of the carrier, his servants or agents;
　　(ii) Loss, damage or delay in delivery of the goods proved by the claimant due to the negligence or negligence of the carrier, its servants or agents in taking all measures that can be reasonably required to extinguish the fire disaster and avoid or mitigate its consequences.
　　(b) Where the fire on the ship affects the goods, if the claimant or the carrier requests, the cause and situation of the fire must be investigated in accordance with the maritime practice, and a report of the investigator shall be provided to the carrier and the claimant as required.
　　With regard to live animals, the carrier shall not be liable for loss, damage or delay in delivery caused by any special risks inherent in such transportation. If the carrier proves that he acted in accordance with any special instructions on animals given to him by the shipper, and proves that the loss, damage or delay in delivery can be attributed to this kind of risk according to the actual situation, it shall be presumed that the loss, damage or delay in delivery is caused in this way, unless it is proved that all or part of the loss, damage or delay in delivery is caused by the fault or negligence of the carrier, his servants or agents.
　　6. The carrier shall not be liable for loss, damage or delay in delivery caused by taking measures to save life or reasonable measures to save property at sea, except contributing to general average.
　　7. If the loss, damage or delay in delivery of the goods is caused by the fault or negligence of the carrier, its servants or agents and other reasons, the carrier shall be liable for compensation only to the extent that the loss, damage or delay in delivery is caused by their fault or negligence, but the carrier shall prove that it is not the amount of loss, damage or delay in delivery caused by such fault or negligence.

　　Article 6 limitation of liability
　　1. (a) According to the provisions of Article 5, the carrier’s liability for compensation for losses caused by loss of or damage to goods shall be limited to the amount equivalent to 835 accounting units or 2.5 accounting units per kilogram of gross weight for each lost or damaged goods or other freight units, whichever is the higher.
　　(b) According to Article 5, the carrier’s liability for delay in delivery is limited to an amount equivalent to 2.5 times of the freight payable for the delayed goods, but shall not exceed the total freight payable under the contract of carriage of goods by sea.
　　(c) According to subparagraphs (a) and (b) of this paragraph, the total liability of the carrier shall in no case exceed the limit of liability for total loss of goods stipulated in subparagraph (a) of this paragraph.
　　2. According to paragraph 1 (a) of this article, the following rules shall be observed when calculating the higher amount:
　　(a) When containers, pallets or similar means of transport are used to assemble goods, if a bill of lading is issued, the number of pieces or other freight units contained in such means of transport, which is listed in the bill of lading or in any other document evidencing the contract of carriage by sea, shall be regarded as the number of pieces or freight units. In addition to the above situation, the goods in this transportation device are regarded as a freight unit.
　　(b) When the means of transport itself is lost or damaged, if it is not owned or provided by the carrier, it shall be regarded as a separate freight unit.
　　3. The unit of account refers to the unit of account mentioned in Article 26.
　　4. The carrier and the shipper may, by agreement, determine the limit of liability in excess of that stipulated in paragraph 1.

　　Article 7 Application of Non-contractual Claims
　　1. The defences and limits of liability provided for in this Convention shall apply to the loss or damage of the goods involved in the contract of carriage by sea, as well as any lawsuit brought against the carrier for delay in delivery, whether such lawsuit is based on contract, tort or otherwise.
　　2. If such an action is brought against the servant or agent of the carrier, and the servant or agent can prove that he acted within the scope of his employment, he is entitled to avail himself of the defences and limits of liability that the carrier is entitled to invoke under this Convention.
　　3. Except as provided in Article 8, the total amount of compensation obtained from the carrier and any person referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article shall not exceed the limitation of liability stipulated in this Convention.

　　Article 8 Loss of the right to limit liability
　　1. If it is proved that the loss, damage or delay in delivery is caused by an act or omission of the carrier that intentionally caused such loss, damage or delay in delivery, or by an act or omission of the carrier that was done recklessly knowing that such loss, damage or delay in delivery might occur, the carrier shall not be entitled to the benefit of the limitation of liability stipulated in Article 6.
　　2. Notwithstanding paragraph 2 of Article 7, if it is proved that the loss, damage or delay in delivery is caused by the act or omission of the employee or agent intentionally causing such loss, damage or delay in delivery, or by the act or omission of the employee or agent recklessly knowing that such loss, damage or delay in delivery may occur, the employee or agent of the carrier shall not be entitled to the benefit of the limitation of liability stipulated in Article 6.

　　Article 9 deck cargo
　　1. The carrier has the right to carry the goods on deck only in accordance with the agreement with the shipper, or in accordance with specific trade practices, or in accordance with the requirements of laws and regulations.
　　2. If the carrier and the shipper agree that the goods should or can be carried on deck, the carrier must put a corresponding statement on the bill of lading or other documents evidencing the contract of carriage by sea. Without this statement, it is the carrier’s responsibility to prove that an agreement has been reached for carriage on deck. However, the carrier has no right to invoke this agreement against the third party, including the consignee, who believes in and holds the bill of lading.
　　3. If the goods are carried on deck in violation of the provisions of paragraph 1 of this article, or the carrier cannot invoke the agreement on carriage on deck in accordance with paragraph 2 of this article, notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 5, the carrier shall still be liable for the loss or damage of the goods and the delay in delivery caused only by carriage on deck, and the limit of its liability shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 or Article 8 of this Convention as the case may be.
　　Loading the goods on deck in violation of the express agreement to load the goods in the cabin shall be regarded as an act or omission of the carrier within the meaning of Article 8.

　　Article 10 Liability of the carrier and the actual carrier
　　1. If the performance of the transport or part of the transport is entrusted to the actual carrier, the carrier shall still be responsible for the whole transport in accordance with the provisions of this Convention, regardless of whether it is entitled to do so under the contract of carriage by sea. With regard to the transportation performed by the actual carrier, the carrier shall be responsible for the acts or omissions of the actual carrier and its employees and agents within the scope of their employment.
　　2. All the provisions of this Convention on the carrier’s liability also apply to the actual carrier’s liability for the transportation performed by it. If a lawsuit is brought against the employee or agent of the actual carrier, the provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 7 and paragraph 2 of Article 8 shall apply.
　　3. Any special agreement under which the carrier assumes the obligations not stipulated in this Convention or waives the rights conferred by this Convention can only affect the actual carrier if he expressly agrees in writing. Whether the actual carrier has agreed or not, the carrier is still bound by the obligations or waivers caused by this special agreement.
　　4. If both the carrier and the actual carrier are liable, they shall be jointly and severally liable within the scope of this liability.
　　5. The total amount of compensation obtained from the carrier, the actual carrier and their servants and agents shall not exceed the limitation of liability stipulated in this Convention.
　　6. The provisions of this article are without prejudice to any right of recourse between the carrier and the actual carrier.

　　Article 11 through transport
　　1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 10, paragraph 1, if the contract of carriage by sea clearly stipulates that a specific part of the carriage included in the contract shall be performed by a designated person other than the carrier, the contract may also stipulate that the carrier shall not be responsible for the loss, damage or delay in delivery of the goods during this part of the carriage, which is under the control of the actual carrier. However, if legal proceedings cannot be brought against the actual carrier in a competent court in accordance with the provisions of Article 21, paragraph 1 or paragraph 2, any provision limiting or exempting such liability shall be null and void. The carrier shall bear the burden of proof to prove that any loss, damage or delay in delivery is caused by the above-mentioned events.
　　2. According to Article 10, paragraph 2, the actual carrier shall be responsible for the loss, damage or delay in delivery of the goods caused by accidents while in his charge.

　　Part III Liability of Shipper

　　Article 12 General rules
　　The shipper shall not be liable for the loss suffered by the carrier or the actual carrier or the damage suffered by the ship, unless such loss or damage is caused by the fault or negligence of the shipper, his servants or agents. Any servant or agent of the shipper shall not be liable for such loss or damage, unless such loss or damage is caused by his own fault or negligence.

　　Article 13 Special rules on dangerous goods
　　1. The shipper must mark or label the dangerous goods in an appropriate way.
　　2. When the shipper delivers the dangerous goods to the carrier or the actual carrier, the shipper must inform the danger of the goods and, if necessary, the preventive measures to be taken. If the shipper fails to do so, and the carrier or the actual carrier does not know the dangerous characteristics of the goods from other sources, then:
　　(a) The shipper shall be liable to the carrier and any actual carrier for the losses caused by carrying such goods. and
　　(b) The goods can be unloaded, destroyed or rendered harmless at any time according to the needs of the situation without compensation;
　　3. No one may invoke the provisions of paragraph 2 of this article if he takes over the goods knowing the dangerous characteristics during transportation.
　　4. If the provisions of paragraph 2 (b) of this article are not applicable or can not be invoked, and the dangerous goods cause actual danger to life or property, the goods may be unloaded, destroyed or rendered harmless without compensation, except for the obligation of general average contribution or the liability of the carrier according to Article 5.

　　Part IV Transport Documents

　　Article 14 issuance of bills of lading
　　1. When the carrier or actual carrier takes over the goods, the carrier must issue the bill of lading to the shipper at the request of the shipper.
　　2. The bill of lading may be signed by the person authorized by the carrier. A bill of lading signed by the captain of the ship carrying the goods shall be deemed to be signed on behalf of the carrier.
　　3. The signature on the bill of lading can be handwritten, copied, punched, stamped, symbolized, or by any other mechanical or electronic means provided that it does not violate the laws of the country where the bill of lading is issued.

　　Article 15 Contents of Bill of Lading
　　1. The bill of lading must include the following items, among other things:
　　(a) The category of the goods, the main signs necessary to identify the goods, such as dangerous goods, a clear description of the dangerous characteristics of the goods, the number of packages or pieces, the weight of the goods or the quantity expressed in other ways, etc., all of which are provided by the shipper;
　　(b) the appearance of the goods;
　　(c) The name and principal place of business of the carrier;
　　(d) the name of the shipper;
　　(e) If the shipper designates the consignee, the name of the consignee;
　　(f) The port of loading stipulated in the contract of carriage by sea and the date when the carrier takes over the goods at the port of loading;
　　(g) the port of discharge stipulated in the contract of carriage by sea;
　　(h) If there is more than one original bill of lading, specify the number of original bills of lading;
　　(i) the place of issue of the bill of lading;
　　(j) The signature of the carrier or its representative;
　　(k) The amount of freight payable by the consignee or other explanations of freight paid by the consignee;
　　(l) The declaration referred to in article 23, paragraph 3;
　　(m) In the case of deck cargo, a statement that the cargo should or can be transported on deck;
　　(n) If expressly agreed by both parties, the date or time limit for delivery of the goods at the port of discharge shall be specified; and
　　(o) Any increased liability limit agreed in accordance with Article 6, paragraph 4.
　　2. After the goods are loaded, the carrier must issue a "loaded" bill of lading to the shipper if the shipper so requests. In addition to the items specified in paragraph 1 of this article, the bill of lading must also indicate that the goods have been loaded on one or more designated ships and one or more loading dates. If the carrier has previously issued a bill of lading or other documents of title to the shipper on any part of the goods, the shipper must return such documents in exchange for the "on board" bill of lading at the request of the carrier. In order to meet the shipper’s requirements for the "on board" bill of lading, the carrier may modify any previously issued documents, but the modified documents shall include all the items required in the "on board" bill of lading.
　　3. The lack of one or more of the items specified in this article does not affect the legal nature of the document as a bill of lading, but the document must meet the requirements specified in Article 1, paragraph 7.

　　Article 16 Bill of Lading: Reservation and Evidence Effect
　　1. If the carrier or other person who issues the bill of lading on his behalf knows or has reasonable grounds to suspect that the items contained in the bill of lading, such as the category, main marks, number of packages or pieces, weight or quantity, do not accurately represent the goods actually taken over, or in the case of issuing the "on board" bill of lading, do not accurately represent the goods actually shipped, or he has no proper method to check these items, the carrier or other person must make a reservation on the bill of lading, indicating.
　　2. If the carrier or other person who issues the bill of lading on his behalf fails to annotate the appearance of the goods on the bill of lading, it shall be deemed that he has indicated that the goods are in good appearance on the bill of lading.
　　3. In addition to the reservation of permission for the relevant project and its scope according to the provisions of paragraph 1 of this article:
　　(a) The bill of lading is prima facie evidence that the carrier takes over or, if a "on board" bill of lading is issued, loads the goods described in the bill of lading;
　　(b) If the bill of lading has been transferred to a third party, including the consignee, who believes in the description of the goods in the bill of lading and acts accordingly, the carrier will not accept the evidence to the contrary.
　　4. If the bill of lading fails to specify the freight or otherwise state that the freight is paid by the consignee or that the demurrage incurred at the loading port is paid by the consignee in accordance with Article 15, paragraph 1 (k), the bill of lading is prima facie evidence that the consignee does not pay the freight or demurrage. If the bill of lading has been transferred to a third party, including the consignee, who believes that there is no such statement on the bill of lading, the evidence to the contrary presented by the carrier will not be accepted.

　　Article 17 the shipper’s warranty
　　1. The shipper shall be deemed to have assured the carrier that the category, mark, number of pieces, weight and quantity of the goods listed in the bill of lading provided by him are correct. The shipper must compensate the carrier for the losses caused by the inaccuracy of these items. Even if the shipper has transferred the bill of lading, he is still liable for compensation. This right of compensation obtained by the carrier will in no way reduce his liability for compensation to anyone other than the shipper under the contract of carriage by sea.
　　2. Any letter of guarantee or agreement under which the shipper guarantees to compensate the carrier for the losses caused by issuing the bill of lading because the carrier or its representative fails to provide the consignor with comments and reservations on the items or the appearance of the goods included in the bill of lading is invalid for any third party, including the consignee.
　　3. This letter of guarantee or agreement is valid for the shipper, unless the carrier or his representative does not endorse the reservation referred to in paragraph 2 of this article as intentional fraud, and a third party, including the consignee, believes in the description of the goods in the bill of lading. In the latter case, if the unmarked reservation is related to the items provided by the shipper for inclusion in the bill of lading, the carrier has no right to demand compensation from the shipper in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article.
　　4. In case of intentional fraud referred to in paragraph 3 of this article, the carrier shall not enjoy the benefit of the limitation of liability stipulated in this Convention, and shall be liable for the losses suffered by the third party, including the consignee, who acted because of believing the description of the goods contained in the bill of lading.

　　Article 18 Documents other than bills of lading
　　If the carrier issues a document other than the bill of lading to prove the receipt of the goods to be shipped, the document is the preliminary evidence of the conclusion of the contract of carriage by sea and the carrier’s taking over the goods described in the document.

　　Part V Claims and Litigation

　　Article 19 Notice of loss, damage or delay in delivery
　　1. Unless the consignee sends a written notice of loss or damage to the carrier not later than the first working day after the date when the goods are handed over to him, stating the general nature of the loss or damage, such handover shall be regarded as the prima facie evidence of the carrier’s delivery of the goods described in the transport document or, if no such document is issued, as the prima facie evidence of the delivery of the goods in good condition.
　　2. In case of inconspicuous loss or damage: if the written notice is not sent within fifteen consecutive days after the goods are delivered to the consignee, the provisions in paragraph 1 of this article shall apply accordingly.
　　3. If the condition of the goods has been jointly inspected or inspected by the parties at the time of delivery to the consignee, there is no need to send a written notice on the loss or damage identified in the inspection or inspection.
　　In case of any actual or unexpected loss or loss, the carrier and the consignee must provide all reasonable facilities for each other to inspect and count the goods.
　　5. Unless the carrier is notified in writing within 60 consecutive days after the goods are delivered to the consignee, no compensation will be paid for the losses caused by the delayed delivery.
　　6. If the goods are delivered by the actual carrier, any notice given to him according to this article has the same effect as that given to the carrier, and similarly, any notice given to the carrier has the same effect as that given to the actual carrier.
　　7. Unless the carrier or the actual carrier sends a written notice of the loss or damage to the shipper not later than the occurrence of the loss or damage accident or within 90 consecutive days after the delivery of the goods in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 2, whichever occurs later, stating the general nature of such loss or damage, the failure to submit such notice is prima facie evidence that the carrier or the actual carrier has not suffered loss or damage due to the fault or negligence of the shipper or its servants or agents.
　　8. For the purposes of this article, a notice shall be deemed to have been delivered to the carrier, the actual carrier or the shipper respectively if it is delivered to the person acting on behalf of the carrier or the actual carrier, including the master or the officer in charge of the ship, or to the person acting on behalf of the shipper.

　　Article 20 Limitation of action
　　1. Any litigation concerning the carriage of goods in accordance with this Convention shall be time-barred if judicial or arbitration proceedings are not instituted within two years.
　　2. The limitation period starts from the date when the carrier delivers the goods or part of the goods. If the goods are not delivered, it starts from the last day when the goods should be delivered.
　　3. The starting date of the limitation period is not counted in the period.
　　4. The person against whom compensation is claimed may, at any time within the limitation period, submit a written explanation to the claimant to extend the limitation period. This time limit may be further extended by another statement or statements.
　　5. If the lawsuit is filed within the time permitted by the national laws of all countries where the lawsuit is filed, the person liable for compensation may file a lawsuit for compensation even after the expiration of the limitation period stipulated in the above paragraphs. However, the time allowed shall not be less than 90 days from the date when the person who initiated the claim lawsuit has settled his compensation or the summons filed by himself has been delivered.

　　Article 21 Jurisdiction
　　1. According to the provisions of this Convention, the plaintiff may choose to bring a lawsuit in such a court, which has jurisdiction according to the laws of the country where the court is located, and one of the following places is located within the jurisdiction of the court:
　　(a) The defendant’s principal place of business or, if there is no principal place of business, his usual residence; or
　　(b) the place where the contract was concluded, provided that the contract was concluded through the defendant’s business office, branch or agency there; or
　　(c) Port of loading or port of discharge; or
　　(d) Any other place designated for this purpose in the contract of carriage by sea.
　　2. (a) Notwithstanding the above provisions of this Article, if a ship carrying cargo or any other ship belonging to the same owner is detained in any port or place of a Contracting State in accordance with the applicable legal rules of that country and the rules of international law, a lawsuit may be brought in the court of that port or place. However, in this case, upon the request of the defendant, the plaintiff must transfer the lawsuit to one of the competent courts referred to in paragraph 1 of this article selected by the plaintiff to make a judgment on the claim. However, before the lawsuit is transferred, the defendant must provide sufficient deposit to ensure the payment of the amount that may be finally awarded to the plaintiff in the lawsuit.
　　(b) All questions concerning the adequacy of the security deposit shall be decided by the court of the port or place of detention.
　　3. All legal proceedings concerning the carriage of goods in accordance with this Convention shall not be brought at a place not specified in paragraphs 1 or 2 of this article. The provisions of this paragraph are without prejudice to the jurisdiction of States parties to take temporary or protective measures.
　　4. (a) If a lawsuit has been filed in a court that has jurisdiction according to paragraph 1 or 2 of this article, or a judgment has been made by such a court, a new lawsuit may not be filed between the same parties for the same reason, unless the judgment of the court that handled the first lawsuit cannot be enforced in the country where the new lawsuit is filed;
　　(b) For the purposes of this article, measures taken to enforce the judgment shall not be regarded as bringing new proceedings;
　　(c) For the purposes of this article, the transfer of proceedings to another court in the same country or to a court in another country in accordance with paragraph 2 (a) of this article shall not be regarded as the institution of new proceedings.
　　5. Notwithstanding the provisions of the above paragraphs, after the claim is filed in accordance with the contract of carriage by sea, the agreement reached by the parties to designate the place where the claimant can bring an action shall be valid.

　　Article 22 Arbitration
　　1. In accordance with the provisions of this Article, the parties may agree in writing that any dispute concerning the carriage of goods that may arise under this Convention shall be submitted to arbitration.
　　2. If the charter party contains a clause that disputes arising from the contract shall be submitted for arbitration, and the bill of lading issued under the charter party does not specifically indicate that this clause is binding on the holder of the bill of lading, the carrier shall not invoke this clause against the holder of the bill of lading who believes in the bill of lading.
　　3. The plaintiff may choose to initiate arbitration proceedings in one of the following places:
　　(a) At a certain place in a country, there should be:
　　(i) The defendant’s principal place of business or, if there is no principal place of business, his usual residence; or
　　(ii) the place where the contract was signed, provided that the contract was concluded through the defendant’s business office, branch or agency there; or
　　(iii) Port of loading or port of discharge; or
　　(b) Any place designated for this purpose in the arbitration clause or agreement.
　　4. Arbitrators or arbitral tribunals shall apply the rules of this Convention.
　　5. The provisions in paragraphs 3 and 4 of this article shall be regarded as part of each arbitration clause or agreement, and any provisions in the arbitration clause or agreement that are inconsistent with these two paragraphs shall be null and void.
　　6. Nothing in this article shall affect the validity of the relevant arbitration agreement concluded by the parties after the claim is filed in accordance with the contract of carriage by sea.

　　Part VI Supplementary Provisions

　　Article 23 contract terms
　　1. Any clause in the contract of carriage by sea, bill of lading or any other document evidencing the contract of carriage by sea shall be null and void to the extent that it directly or indirectly violates the provisions of this Convention. The invalidity of such clauses shall not affect the validity of the provisions as other parts of the contract or document. A clause transferring the insurable interest of the goods to the carrier, or any similar clause, is null and void.
　　2. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1 of this article, the carrier may increase his responsibilities and obligations stipulated in this Convention.
　　3. When issuing the bill of lading or any other document evidencing the contract of carriage by sea, it must contain a statement that the carriage complies with the provisions of this Convention, and any clause that deviates from this Convention and is harmful to the shipper or consignee shall be null and void.
　　4. If the claimant of the goods concerned suffers losses due to this clause invalidating a contract clause or omitting the statement referred to in paragraph 3 of this article, in order to compensate the claimant, the carrier must stipulate the compensation within the required limit for any loss or damage of the goods and delay in delivery and payment in accordance with this Convention. In addition, the carrier must compensate the claimant for the expenses incurred in exercising his rights, but the expenses incurred in the lawsuit invoking the above provisions shall be determined in accordance with the laws of the country where the lawsuit is filed.

　　Article 24 General average
　　1. The provisions of this Convention shall not prejudice the application of the provisions on general average adjustment in the contract of carriage by sea or national laws.
　　2. In addition to Article 20, the provisions of this Convention on the carrier’s liability for loss of or damage to the goods also determine whether the consignee can refuse to contribute in general average and the carrier’s liability for any such contribution or salvage charges paid by the consignee.

　　Article 25 Other Conventions
　　1. This Convention shall not change the rights or obligations of the carrier, the actual carrier and their servants and agents as stipulated in international conventions or national laws on the limitation of liability of maritime shipowners.
　　2. The provisions of Articles 21 and 22 of this Convention shall not prevent the application of the mandatory provisions of any other multilateral convention that has entered into force on the date of conclusion of this Convention, provided that the dispute completely occurs between parties whose principal places of business are in contracting countries of such other conventions. However, this paragraph shall not affect the application of paragraph 4 of Article 22 of this Convention.
　　3. The damage caused by a nuclear accident shall not be liable for compensation according to the provisions of this Convention, if the operator of the nuclear device is liable for the damage according to the following provisions:
　　(a) According to the Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy of July 29th, 1960 as amended by the Additional Protocol of January 28th, 1964 or the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage of May 21st, 1963, or
　　(b) according to the national laws that provide for compensation for such damage, provided that such laws are as beneficial to the person who may suffer damage in all aspects as the Paris Convention or the Vienna Convention.
　　4. If the carrier is liable for any loss, damage or delay in delivery of the luggage according to any international convention or national laws concerning the carriage of passengers and their luggage by sea, no liability will occur according to the provisions of this Convention.
　　5. The provisions of this Convention shall not prevent the Contracting States from applying any other international convention that has entered into force on the date of the conclusion of this Convention, which is compulsorily applicable to contracts of carriage of goods whose main mode of transport is not maritime transport. This provision also applies to any subsequent revision or modification of this international convention.

　　Article 26 Accounting unit
　　1. The unit of account referred to in Article 6 of this Convention is the special drawing right stipulated by the International Monetary Fund. The amount mentioned in Article 6 shall be converted into the domestic currency according to the value of the national currency on the judgment date or the date agreed by the parties. Where a State Party to this Convention is a member of the International Monetary Fund, the value of its domestic currency expressed in special drawing rights shall be calculated according to the fixed value method applied in the business and transactions of the International Goods Fund on the above date. The value of the national currency expressed by special drawing rights in a country that is not a member of the International Monetary Fund shall be calculated according to the method decided by that country.
　　2. However, a country that is not a member of the International Monetary Fund and whose laws do not allow the application of the provisions of paragraph 1 of this article may declare at the time of signature, or at the time of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, or at any time thereafter that the limitation of liability stipulated in this Convention is applicable within its territory, and it shall be determined as follows:
　　12,500 currency units per package of goods or other freight units, or 37.5 currency units per kilogram of gross weight of goods.
　　3. The monetary unit referred to in paragraph 2 of this article is equal to 65.5 milligrams of gold with a purity of 900%. When converting the amount referred to in paragraph 2 into the national currency, it shall be handled in accordance with the laws of that country.
　　4. The calculation mentioned in the last sentence of paragraph 1 of this article and the conversion mentioned in paragraph 3 of this article shall be carried out in such a way that the actual value of the amount expressed in the currency of a Contracting State is the same as that expressed in the unit of account in Article 6 as far as possible. When signing, or when depositing their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval and accession, or when making use of the options provided for in paragraph 2 of this article, and when there is a change in the calculation method or the conversion result, a Contracting State must, as the case may be, notify the depositary of the Convention of the calculation method decided in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article or the conversion result mentioned in paragraph 3 of this article.

　　Part VII Final Clauses
　　Article 27 Custodian
　　The Secretary-General of the United Nations is hereby designated as the depositary of this Convention.

　　Article 28 Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval and accession
　　1. This Convention is open to all countries for signature at the United Nations Headquarters in new york before April 30th, 1979.
　　2. This Convention is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by signatory States.
　　3. After April 30th, 1979, this Convention is open to all countries that are not signatories for accession.
　　4. The instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval and accession shall be kept by the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

　　Article 29 Reservations
　　No reservations shall be made to this convention.

　　Article 30 comes into force
　　1. This Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the month following the expiration of one year from the date of deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
　　2. For each country that becomes a contracting party to this Convention after the date of deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, this Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the month following the expiration of one year from the date of deposit of the corresponding documents by that country.
　　3. Each Contracting State shall apply the provisions of this Convention to contracts of carriage by sea signed on or after the date of entry into force of this Convention for that State.

　　Article 31 Withdrawal from other conventions
　　1. When becoming a contracting party to this Convention, all contracting parties to the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules on Bills of Lading (1924 Convention) signed in Brussels on August 25th, 1924 must notify the Belgian government as the depositary of the 1924 Convention to withdraw from the Convention, and declare that the withdrawal will take effect as of the date when this Convention comes into effect for that country.
　　2. According to Article 30, paragraph 1, when this Convention enters into force, the depositary of this Convention must notify the Belgian Government, the depositary of the 1924 Convention, of the date of entry into force and the names of the contracting States for which this Convention enters into force.
　　3. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article shall be applicable to the contracting States of the Protocol amending the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules on Bills of Lading signed in Brussels on August 25th, 1924 on February 23rd, 1968.
　　4. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 2 of this Convention, as far as paragraph 1 of this article is concerned, a Contracting State may, if it deems it necessary, postpone its withdrawal from the 1924 Convention and the 1924 Convention as amended by the 1968 Protocol for a maximum period of five years from the date of entry into force of this Convention, in which case it shall notify the Belgian government of its intention. During this transitional period, the State Party must apply this Convention to other States Parties, but not to any other conventions.

　　Article 32 Revision and revision
　　1. At the request of not less than one third of the States parties to this Convention, the depositary shall convene a meeting of the States parties to revise or modify this Convention.
　　2. Any instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession deposited after the entry into force of the amendment to this Convention shall be deemed to be applicable to this Convention as amended.

　　Article 33 Revision of quota and accounting unit or monetary unit
　　1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 32, the depository shall, in accordance with the provisions of Paragraph 2 of this Article, convene a meeting specifically for the purpose of amending the amounts specified in Article 6 and Paragraph 2 of Article 26 or replacing two or one of the units specified in Paragraphs 1 and 3 of Article 26 with other units. Only when the actual value of the amount has changed significantly can it be revised.
　　2. At the request of not less than one quarter of the Contracting States, the depositary shall convene an amendment conference.
　　3. Any decision of the conference must be made by a two-thirds majority of the participating countries. The amendment shall be sent by the depositary to all States parties for acceptance and notified to all signatories to the Convention.
　　4. Any amendment adopted shall enter into force on the first day of the month following the expiration of one year from the date when it is accepted by two thirds of the States parties. When accepting an amendment, an official document expressing acceptance shall be deposited with the custodian.
　　5. After the amendment comes into force, the Contracting State that accepts the amendment has the right to apply the revised convention in its relations with the Contracting State that has not notified the depositary that it is not bound by the amendment within six months after the adoption of the amendment.
　　6. Any instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession deposited after the entry into force of the amendment to this Convention shall be deemed to apply to the amended Convention.

　　Article 34 Withdrawal
　　1. A Contracting State may denounce this Convention at any time by written notification to the Depositary.
　　2. Denunciation of this Convention shall take effect on the first day of the month following the expiration of one year from the date when the depositary receives the notification. If a longer period is specified in the notice, the denunciation of this Convention shall take effect upon the expiration of the longer period after the depositary receives the notice.
　　Done at Hamburg on March 31st, 1978 in one original. Its Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic.
　　In witness whereof, the following plenipotentiaries, duly authorized by their governments, have signed this Convention.
　　　Common understanding adopted by the United Nations Conference on the Transport of Goods by Sea
　　We have reached the following common understanding: According to this Convention, the carrier’s liability is based on the principle of presumption of fault or negligence. In other words, the carrier usually bears the burden of proof, but in some cases, the provisions of the convention will change this rule.
　　　Resolutions adopted by the United Nations Conference on the Transport of Goods by Sea
　　"United Nations Conference on the Transport of Goods by Sea,
　　"Noting with gratitude the kind invitation of the Federal Republic of Germany to hold a meeting in Hamburg,
　　"Recognizing that the facilities provided to the Conference by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg and the warm hospitality extended to the participants have contributed greatly to the success of the Conference,
　　"Thanks to the Government and people of the Federal Republic of Germany,
　　"At the request of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea was adopted on the basis of the draft convention prepared by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law.
　　"Thanks to the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development for their outstanding contributions to the simplification and harmonization of the laws governing the carriage of goods by sea,
　　"Decided to name the convention adopted by the conference as’ 1978 United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea’,
　　"It is suggested that the rules contained in this Convention be called’ Hamburg Rules’."

In daily life, vegetables are one of the indispensable delicacies. They are rich in nutrients, so they are loved by people.

However, recently, Aunt Chen read an article claiming that several vegetables were included in the list of carcinogens, which may increase the risk of carcinogenesis if ingested too much, which made her worry.

After all, the vegetables mentioned in this article include tomatoes, baby vegetables and cucumbers, which we usually eat. But do we really need to worry that these vegetables will cause cancer?

5 kinds of vegetables that are often eaten are poisonous and can cause cancer?

1. bracken

In recent years, there are more and more claims about bracken causing cancer, which has aroused people’s concern about whether bracken will cause cancer.

In fact, the carcinogenicity of Pteridium aquilinum comes from the carcinogens contained in it, especially protopterin, which is a carcinogen with genetic toxicity, and the human body will produce highly carcinogenic dienone compounds after ingesting it.

However, we don’t need to panic too much. Because to reach the level of carcinogenicity, a person needs to eat bracken continuously for at least 20 years, and the daily intake should reach 350 grams to 3.5 kilograms, which may lead to carcinogenesis.

In addition, despite the carcinogenic risk of protopterin, the evidence of its carcinogenicity in practical experiments is not sufficient, and its carcinogenicity is far lower than that of pickled foods that people are more likely to come into contact with in daily life, such as bacon and pickles. In addition, protopterin is easily soluble in hot water, so as long as the bracken is blanched, the harmful substances in it will be destroyed.

Therefore, although protopterin in Pteridium aquilinum has a certain cancer risk, the risk can be controlled as long as it is eaten in moderation and properly cooked.

In our daily diet, maintaining diversified and balanced eating habits is a more important factor to reduce the risk of cancer.

2. Baby dishes

The argument that doll dishes contain formaldehyde actually comes from the fact that some unscrupulous merchants dip formaldehyde in their roots in order to keep the freshness of doll dishes, which leads to the rumor that eating doll dishes will be poisoned. In fact, formaldehyde is soluble in water and volatile.

Even if formaldehyde is contained in vegetables, it will be dissolved in water or volatilized during storage and sales. To achieve the toxic dose, a person needs to take a large amount for a long time, and it is possible to produce toxic effects every day.

3. Immature tomatoes

Immature tomatoes produce a substance called alkaloid. Intake of 0.2-0.4 grams of alkaloids may cause food poisoning, leading to diarrhea, nausea and even organ failure.

However, it is worth noting that this substance is rarely detected in mature tomatoes, so as long as you eat mature tomatoes, there will be no problem.

4. Houttuynia cordata Thunb

Whether Houttuynia cordata Thunb can cause cancer is mainly because it contains a carcinogen called aristolochic acid.

However, the follow-up study confirmed that the total content of aristolochic lactam in Houttuynia cordata Thunb is 0.016 g/kg, which is very low and does not belong to the carcinogenic category. In addition, it is not accurate to talk about toxicity only from the perspective of dose.

5. Cucumber with flowers on the top

The top flower of cucumber is generally influenced by plant growth regulator, which is a kind of plant hormone that can be safely eaten. It is mainly used to prevent cucumber from falling off when it bears fruit. Generally, it will be directly applied to the fruit handle of cucumber. If it touches flowers by mistake, it will lead to flowers on the top of cucumber.

The actual concentration of this hormone is very low and the dosage is very small. The human body can decompose metabolism after ingestion, and it will not cause harm to health.

Remember to blanch 3 kinds of vegetables before eating.

Although many vegetables pose no threat to human health, if they contain the following three kinds of ingredients, they will bring their own "toxins", so they must be blanched before eating.

1. Containing oxalic acid: Vegetables such as spinach, pods and purslane contain oxalic acid. Excessive intake of oxalic acid will crystallize with minerals such as calcium and iron in the body, and there is a risk of stones.

2. Contains plant agglutinin: Generally, legumes and vegetables are high in content, which will affect the absorption and digestion of nutrients in the small intestine after being ingested by the human body. When the body accumulates too much of this substance, it may also cause poisoning events such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

3. Contains colchicine: Like fresh daylily, it contains colchicine. The substance will be oxidized into toxic colchicine after entering the human body, which may cause discomfort symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea when accumulated in large quantities in the body, and may affect normal urine excretion in severe cases.

If you want to prevent cancer, it is these five foods that you really need to eat less.

In fact, natural vegetables have almost no cancer risk. If we want to prevent cancer, we should really eat less of the following five foods.

Step 1 process meat

Nitrite itself is not carcinogenic, but when it reacts with protein and is converted into nitrosamine, nitrosamine becomes a carcinogen. Intake of nitrosamines will increase the risk of cancer.

Generally speaking, intake of 0.3~0.5 grams of nitrite will lead to poisoning, while 3 grams may lead to death. Salted food and processed meat may contain nitrosamines, so the intake should be minimized to avoid harm to the body and increase the risk of cancer.

2. Alcohol

Have you ever wondered why drinking alcohol can cause blushing? This is actually the influence of acetaldehyde, which can also be called "acetaldehyde poisoning". Studies have shown that the mutation of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene is also one of the factors that induce esophageal cancer.

3. Betel nut

Long-term consumption of betel nut will cause damage to oral mucosa and teeth, and the alkaloids contained in it will also have certain toxicity to human body. At present, betel nut has been classified as a first-class carcinogen.

In addition to the above foods, there are many similar foods that may cause cancer in our daily life. Long-term intake of these foods will also increase the risk of cancer, so no matter how tempting the food is, we should enjoy it in moderation.

4. Chinese salted fish

Chinese salted fish is similar to processed meat products and contains a lot of nitrite. This is the product caused by high salt, exposure and dehydration in the curing process of salted fish. After being ingested by human body, ammonium nitrite, a strong carcinogen, will be produced under the action of gastric acid.

5. moldy food

Mildew food contains a carcinogen, namely aflatoxin. Aflatoxin is 68 times as toxic as arsenic, even if ingested in a small amount, it is harmful!

It can not only cause liver cancer, but also induce bone cancer, rectal cancer, breast cancer and ovarian cancer. In daily life, moldy leftovers, rice, corn, peanuts and locally pressed edible oil are important sources of aflatoxin.

Original title: "Five kinds of vegetables have been included in the" carcinogenic list ".Will eating too much cause cancer? These things really need to be eaten less. "

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