China Weather Network News The cold wave is coming! On December 12th, a strong cold air began to affect our country. Today, it will affect along the Yangtze River, and tomorrow it will reach Jiangnan and South China. Affected by this, the temperature in most parts of the country will hit a new low one after another until December 15th. Not only that, the large-scale rain and snow weather in the south will also be carried out on this "strong cold air train", and many cities may usher in snow at the beginning of this winter.

　　Strong winds and cooling will appear one after another, and the temperature in various places will be as low as "March 9" in a large area.

　　Yesterday, this strong cold air has begun to affect China, but it is still in the "starting" stage. The affected area is only in the plateau area, and most other areas are still in a relatively stable state, such as North China, Huanghuai, Jianghan and other places. Fog and haze still appeared in the morning, but at night, with the cold air killing, the visibility improved, and the gale cooling also officially appeared one after another.

　　This morning, the Central Meteorological Observatory continued to issue a blue warning of cold wave. It is predicted that from 08: 00 on December 13th to 08: 00 on December 15th, the temperature will drop by 6 ~ 8℃ in the eastern part of Northeast China, southeastern part of Northwest China, most of North China, most of Huanghuai, most of Jianghuai, Jianghan, Jiangnan, eastern part of Southwest China and most of South China. Among them, the temperature will drop by 10℃ in some areas such as southwest Hunan, southeast Guizhou and central and northern Guangxi. After cooling, the minimum temperature line of 0℃ will be pressed south to the line from southern Guizhou to northwestern Zhejiang. There are 4 ~ 6 northerly winds with gusts of 7 ~ 8 in the north, 4 ~ 5 northerly winds in the south, 6 ~ 7 gusts in rivers and lakes, 6 ~ 8 northerly winds with gusts of 9 in offshore waters.

　　This cold air moves faster. It has arrived along the Yangtze River today and will "cross" the Yangtze River. Tomorrow, it will mainly affect Jiangnan and South China. Affected by this, the early high temperature pattern in all parts of the country will be completely broken and turned to be obviously low. Since it is a cold wave, the power of this strong cold air is not only that, of course. It will also cause the temperature in most parts of the country to hit a new low since beginning of winter, and let many areas experience the "March 9th" and "April 9th" cold in advance.

　　According to the forecast, the temperature in the northern region will hit a new low on the 13th to 14th. For example, in the northeast region, the highest temperature will generally drop to around -10℃, and the lowest temperature will drop all the way below -20℃. The highest temperature in the eastern part of northwest China, North China, Huanghuai and other places will drop to about 0℃, and the lowest temperature will only be around -10℃. In the southern region, the temperature will generally hit a new low on the 14th to 15th. In many places in Jianghuai, Jianghan and Jiangnan, it is only about 5℃ during the day, which can be called winter.

　　It is worth noting that after the end of this cold wave process, there will be another cold air impact from December 16 to 18. It is expected that the intensity will be weaker than the current one, but it will also make the temperature in most places continue to be low. In a word, the recent cold air is the rhythm of one after another. Everyone needs to pay attention to the approaching forecast, and it is the key to do a good job of cold protection and warmth.

　　There is little and weak snowfall in the north, and the rain and snow in the south are frozen on the line.

　　In terms of precipitation, the rain and snow brought by this strong cold air to the north is generally weak, mainly because there will be some rain and snow processes in the central and eastern regions; In the south, on the contrary, riding the "strong cold air train", rain and snow will spread out on a large scale. It is estimated that today, there will be small to medium snow or sleet in parts of the eastern part of the northwest, Jianghan, Jianghuai, western and northern Jiangnan, and eastern Guizhou, among which there will be heavy snow in southern Anhui and northwestern Hubei. There are small to moderate rains in parts of Sichuan Basin, most of Chongqing, western Guizhou, eastern Yunnan, southern Jiangnan, most of southern China and Taiwan Province Island, among which there is local heavy rain in southern Guangxi.

　　Tomorrow, the freezing situation of rain and snow in the southern region can’t be underestimated. It is expected that there will be small to medium snow or sleet in parts of southwestern Xinjiang, eastern Xizang, southwestern Shaanxi, southern Hubei, western and northern Jiangnan, and northern and eastern Guizhou. There are small to moderate rains in parts of southeastern Xizang, eastern Southwest China, central and southern Jiangnan, and most of southern China, among which there is heavy rain in the northeast of Taiwan Province Island.

　　It is understood that the southernmost snow line of this precipitation process can reach the first line of southern Guizhou-southern Hunan-northwestern Jiangxi-northwestern Zhejiang. Many places including Wuhan and Changsha will begin to experience the process of rain-to-snow at night, such as Wuhan. It is possible to usher in snowfall this evening, but due to the high ground temperature, the snow will not be obvious. In addition, in Guizhou and the western part of Hunan, freezing rain may start from tonight and will continue until tomorrow. The wet and icy roads may greatly affect the morning peak next Monday.

　　Generally speaking, rain, snow and freezing at low temperature in Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and other places will lead to slippery roads, snow or icy roads. Public travel in these areas needs to pay attention to safety and arrange travel time reasonably.

The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851-1864) was renamed the Heavenly Kingdom of God and the Heavenly Father, Heavenly Brother and Heavenly King.

From the end of 1850 to the beginning of 1851, the leading group composed of Hong Xiuquan, Yang Xiuqing, Xiao Chaogui, Feng Yunshan, Wei Changhui and Shi Dakai launched an armed uprising against the Qing Dynasty in Jintian Village, Guangxi. After the establishment of the "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom", Jiangning (now Nanjing) was captured in March 1853, with its capital here and renamed Tianjing. In August 1864, Tianjing, the capital of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, was captured by Xiang Army, and Tianguifu Hong, the son of Hong Xiuquan, the young king, was captured. In 1872, Li Wencai, the last Taiping Army unit, was defeated in Guizhou.

jintian uprising

Hong Xiuquan went to Guangzhou to take part in the imperial examination many times, but unfortunately they all came last. In 1844 (twenty-third year of Daoguang), he and his cousin Feng Yunshan and his brother Hong Rengan absorbed some Christian teachings from Liang Fa’s Good Words to Advise the World, and later baptized themselves. Hong Xiuquan and Feng Yunshan went to Guixian, Guangxi to preach, and Hong returned to Guangdong soon. Feng stayed in Guangxi to develop, and the number of local believers increased.

In the summer of 1850, Hong Xiuquan issued a group camp order, asking the congregation to organize troops in Jintian Village, Guiping County, Guangxi. At the end of the year, the Taiping Army fought against the Qing army in Siwang and Caicunjiang successively, thus beginning the armed opposition with the Qing court. At the beginning, it was named "Taiping", and later the founding of the country was named "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom". On January 11th, 1851, Hong Xiuquan’s birthday, many people worshipped God in Jintian Village to "wish you a long life". Later, the world designated this day as jintian uprising Memorial Day. On March 23, Hong Xiuquan ascended the throne in Wuxuan, Guangxi, and was later renamed King of Peace.

Nanjing with its capital.

In the autumn of 1851, the Taiping Army occupied Yong ‘an Prefecture (now mengshan county) in Guangxi. In December, the kings were enfeoffed in Yong ‘an City.

In April, 1852 (the second year of Xianfeng), the Taiping Army broke through Yong ‘an, besieged the provincial capital Guilin in the north, and continued northward. At Suoyidu in Quanzhou, it was intercepted by the Jiang Zhongyuan department of the Qing army, and Feng Yunshan died after being hit by the artillery fire of the Qing army. On May 19th, he left Guangxi and entered Hunan, Kedao and Chenzhou. In August, Xiao Chaogui, the king of the West, heard that Changsha was empty, led a division to attack Changsha, and died during the siege on September 12th. When Hong Xiuquan and Yang Xiuqing heard the news, they rushed to Changsha at the gate, but by this time, the Qing government had gathered heavily, and the Taiping Army had failed to attack Changsha for nearly three months, so they withdrew from the north to conquer Yuezhou.

On January 12, 1853, the Taiping Army captured Wuchang, and the number of Taiping Army increased to 500,000. On March 19, 1853, Jiangning (now Nanjing) was captured, and Lu Jianying, the governor of Liangjiang, was killed. On March 29, 1853, Hong Xiuquan entered Jinling City, renovated the governor’s office of Liangjiang, changed it into Tianwangfu, and announced that Jinling was its capital and renamed Tianjing, thus formally establishing the peasant regime of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, which confronted the Qing Dynasty.

Tianjing incident

In the early days of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, military and political affairs were the responsibility of military advisers, and Hong Xiuquan retired behind the scenes and ignored the affairs of state affairs, and the power fell to Yang Xiuqing, the East King.

In 1856, the Taiping Army broke through the prosperous "Jiangnan Camp" of the Qing army and solved the three-year siege of Tianjing. Seeing that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was in a good situation at that time, Yang Xiuqing had other plans. Forcing Hong Xiuquan to seal himself as "Long live". Wei Changhui, the king of the North, asked for permission to kill the king of the East, but the king refused. Later, Chen Chengrong told the King of Heaven that Yang Xiuqing had attempted to usurp the throne, and the King of Heaven secretly ordered the Northern King, the Wing King and the Yan King Qin Rigang to eradicate the Eastern King.

In the early morning of the 2nd, Yang Xiuqing and his family were killed in the attack on the East Wangfu, and more than 20,000 people, including the subordinates of the East King’s shogunate, their families and other soldiers and civilians, were also killed, which is known as the Tianjing Incident in history. Shi Dakai, the wing king, blamed Wei Changhui for killing indiscriminately after arriving in Tianjing, and they broke up in discord. Shi Dakai escaped from Jinling City that night. Later, under the secret order of the heavenly king Hong Xiuquan, Wei Changhui killed all the family members in the Wing Palace.

Shi Dakai was in Jingnan, dispatch troops, Anhui Province, and wrote to the king of heaven, please kill the king of the North to make people angry. Seeing that all the soldiers and civilians supported Shi Dakai, Tianwang wrote a letter to punish Wei. In November, Shi Dakai returned to Beijing by a letter, and was honored as the "righteous king" by the military and civilians. He joined the DPRK in proposing "promoting government affairs", and Hong Xiuquan was forced to submit a letter because of public discussion. Regardless of personal grievances, he only punished the first evil when investigating the responsibility for the massacre, not blaming his subordinates, and the people quickly settled down. Although Wuchang fell shortly after Shi Dakai returned to Beijing because of the lack of food, under the deployment of Shi Dakai, the Taiping Army held fast to the pass and waited for an opportunity to counterattack. Rising stars such as Chen Yucheng, Li Xiucheng, Yang Fuqing and Shi Zhenji began to take the lead, and the passive situation caused by infighting was gradually reversed. In the spring of 1857, Li Xiucheng and Chen Yucheng defeated the Qinding Third Division of the Qing Army, and went north to Lu ‘an and Huoqiu, where they joined the Nian Army, with the soldiers heading straight for Hubei.

Expedition to the west and east

In September, 1857, Hong Xiuquan was forced to send an envoy to ask Shi Dakai to return to Beijing. Shi Dakai said that he would not return to Beijing, but would transfer Chen Yucheng, Li Xiucheng, Wei Jun and other generals to help, and continue to fight for the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom as the "general commander". Hong Xiuquan approved this plan, and Tianjing officials admitted that Shi Dakai’s subsequent operations were expeditionary activities of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Since then, Shi Dakai has successively moved to Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and other provinces outside Tianjing, containing a large number of Qing troops and alleviating the military pressure in Tianjing and Anhui.

From February to May, 1860, Li Xiucheng took advantage of the victory to capture many places in southern Jiangsu after the second attack on the Qing army’s Jiangnan camp. In 1861, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom deployed the second Western Expedition, and planned to attack Wuchang from the north and south of the Yangtze River with two main forces, Chen Yucheng and Li Xiucheng, to rescue Anqing. Chen Yucheng marched rapidly, conquered Huangzhou in one fell swoop and matched Wuchang. At this time, British diplomat Parkes met Chen Yucheng. Taiping rebels were asked to withdraw their troops. Due to the slow advance of Li Xiucheng, Taiping rebels were not sure to capture Wuchang in a short time, and Xiang troops stepped up their siege of Anqing. Chen Yucheng decided to order his men Lai Wenguang to lead troops to stay near Wuchang, continue to wait for Li Xiucheng, and return to Anqing with his main force.

In September 1861, Ceng Guoquan conquered Anqing, and all the Taiping Army commanders Ye Yunlai, Wu Dingcai and more than 16,000 people were killed. In January 1862, Li Xiucheng led an army to attack Shanghai, and the Qing army and foreigners jointly resisted and blocked the Taiping Army. After a long attack, the Taiping Army still failed to occupy Shanghai. In May, Chen Yucheng was arrested by the traitor Miao Peilin in Shouzhou and escorted to the Qing army to win the battle. In June of the same year, Chen Yucheng was executed by the Qing army. In June, 1862 (the first year of Tongzhi), Hong Xiuquan ordered Taiping troops from all over the country to return to Tianjing, and the Taiping army assembled 200,000 troops. In October, it fought against the Xiang army for more than 40 days, but failed to win. In December, Li Xiucheng was ordered to cross the Yangtze River north. In the same year, Li Hongzhang attacked southern Jiangsu and Zuo Zongtang attacked Zhejiang.

The fall of Tianjing

On December 21, 1863, the fortress outside Tianjing was completely lost and suffered from food shortage. Li Xiucheng, the loyal king, suggested retreating, but Hong Xiuquan refused. On June 1st, 1864, Hong Xiuquan died after many days of feeding on weeds, and the young king Tianguifu Hong succeeded to the throne. On July 19, Tianjing fell, and then the Qing army slaughtered the city, and many civilians were killed. The tragic situation is indescribable.

Li Xiucheng and Hong Rengan escorted the young king to break through. Li Xiucheng let the good horse be given to the young master, and was separated from the young master in the chaos. On the 22nd of the same month, he was captured in Fangshan, just outside Nanjing, and after tens of thousands of words of confession ("Li Xiucheng readme"), he was executed by Zeng Guofan on August 7th.

On July 29th, 1864, Tianguifu Hong, the young king who broke through to Guangde, was welcomed by Huang Wenjin, the garrison commander of Huzhou Taiping Army. On August 28th, Huang Wenjin and Hong Rengan took the initiative to abandon the city and break through. On September 5th, Huang Wenjin died of injuries while escorting the young heavenly king to Ningguo, and was intercepted by the enemy. In October, the battle of Shicheng, Jiangxi, was completely annihilated. Tianguifu Hong, a young heavenly king, was captured in the barren mountain cave in Shicheng, Jiangxi Province, and was executed by Ling Chi in Nanchang on November 18th.

Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (1851-1864) ［established by Hong Xiuquan（洪秀全）leader of the Taiping Revolution

The armed forces of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom have successively developed to Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Henan, Shanxi, Zhili, Shandong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu and Guangdong provinces, and have conquered more than 600 cities.

After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the administrative division of "province, government, road and county" in the Qing Dynasty was changed to a three-level system of "province, county and county", that is, the "road" was abolished and the "government" was changed to "county". Hong Rengan, one of the late leaders of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, claimed several times that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom wanted to divide the world into 21 provinces, which should refer to the 18 provinces established by the Qing Dynasty and the three northeastern provinces. However, the provinces mentioned in the documents of various periods of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom were not limited to this, and there were other provinces such as Sufu, Tianpu, Guifu and Yili (Xinjiang). Hong Rengan also announced that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom would set up 12 counties in jiangnan province and 11 counties in each province of other provinces, but this idea was divorced from reality and could not and could not be implemented.

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Ten million years ago, apes were forced to move from forest to grassland, facing a more dangerous living environment. To this end, they responded by expanding the group size. grooming, which was originally used to maintain this sense of group connection, became inefficient. As a result, ape-man evolved a bigger brain, which made human babies "natural premature babies". 70,000 years ago, our ancestor Homo sapiens learned to speak. Because of the great responsibility of caring for babies, women have to rely on men. Women in subordinate positions have evolved more empathy when socializing, so that they can form a better social network. As the purpose of language evolution, gossip was formally born in this period.

Compared with the grooming behavior among primates, human gossip has obvious efficiency advantages: it contains more information and can realize a one-to-many model. For example, when one person is talking, three or more people can listen at the same time and join in the communication. At the same time, using language to gossip, participants also get the effect similar to grooming, that is, gain each other’s friendship, trust and loyalty. Therefore, gossip can be regarded as a cheap alternative mode of grooming, and it has been successfully upgraded to version 2.0. More significantly, gossip has greatly promoted the evolution of language. According to yuval harari’s opinion in A Brief History of Mankind, this well explains why Neanderthals, whose physique and intelligence were much higher than Homo sapiens, were finally eliminated by history, because of their low language level. They will only say, "There are lions by the river". The language of Homo sapiens is: "There is an adult lion by the river who has just finished drinking water and is hunting antelope."

Thus, language has become a tool of gossip. In other words, language evolved to better gossip. The gossip desire brought by rich language makes Homo sapiens know who has strong ability, who is hostile to himself and who has more resources in communication. This kind of gossip is enough to maintain a large-scale team, and on this basis, we can keep ourselves from falling into a state of being at a loss in tribal conflicts. It can be said that it is the power of gossip that makes Homo sapiens stand out, and has written a colorful stroke in the history of human civilization. In this way, as primates, early humans first combed each other’s hair, then chatted and gossiped, and finally all became a group of people who ate melons. This human characteristic ensures that the fire of gossip will not burn out in the long evolutionary history of later generations, and even flourish, thus laying the foundation for a beautiful new world of gossip for everyone.

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Gossip is the need of small-scale human cooperation. Before the official news communication channel is established, human beings need to exchange information, evaluate others, restrain behavior, form values and reach a consensus through some channels, so as to complete group cooperation, defeat other species and seek favorable conditions for survival. In other words, before fictional stories and formal channels for news release, all human communication activities could only be conducted through "gossip". Furthermore, in early human life, "gossip" is news, and news is "gossip". There is no difference between them.

With the evolution of history, the need for large-scale human cooperation has emerged. At this time, a fictional story based on gossip was born. These fictional stories, except for some officially published works, mainly contain a large number of literary works from the folk and alluding to reality-especially poems and novels. Yes, it was gossip that contributed to the birth of the first batch of realistic literary masterpieces. As the first collection of China’s poems, The Book of Songs, which was written from 11th century BC to 6th century BC, contains a lot of gossip news. For example, there is an article "The wall has its own rules", which reads: "The wall has its own rules and cannot be swept. The conversations in your palace can hardly be said to be exported. What can be said is also ugly. " Directly gossip about the scandal of Xuan Jiang, the wife of Wei Xuangong, having an affair with an illegitimate child. The history of later generations will prove time and again that the secret inside the walls of the deep palace will always be the gossip focus of the people who eat melons.

Fiction is inseparable from gossip, and it can even be said that fiction is gossip. Ban Gu, a historian in the Eastern Han Dynasty, defined the novel as follows: "Novelists flow because of officials; The street talks about the gossip, and the hearsay is also made. " That is to say, what novelists do is mainly to record the gossip in folk streets and report it to the chief. Novelists are independent, but because the recorded events are from hearsay, just like today’s gossip bloggers, they are still regarded as worthless (which explains why novels have been seriously underestimated for a long time in the history of China). The materials of novels usually come from fables, historical biographies (especially unofficial history), literati’s notes and folk entertainment. Except for fables with strong imagination and symbolic meaning, the latter three have a strong realistic foundation and are variations of gossip in various forms.

It is precisely because of its strong reality that gossip can actively reflect social life and regulate behavior norms, and even influence politics, so all the rulers in China have attached great importance to it, for example, sending officials to collect poems and setting up Yuefu to collect folk songs, with the aim of examining people’s feelings for reference in politics. "History of Han Art and Literature" says: "In ancient times, there were officials who collected poems, so kings looked at customs, knew gains and losses, and taught themselves to be correct." At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Yellow Scarf Army Uprising opened the prelude to the Three Kingdoms in the singing of "Heaven is dead, Yellow Heaven is standing, and the world is prosperous at the age of 60".

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If you want to select the most famous and interesting collection of gossip stories, Shi Shuo Xin Yu must be on the list. This note novel written in the Southern Dynasties records the anecdotes of many celebrities, handsome guys, beautiful women and dignitaries in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the golden age of thought and art, which is rare in China’s history, a dazzling group of "online celebrity" was born, including Shi Chong and Wang Kai, Wei Jie, a handsome man, Pan An, and Ji Kang and Ruan Ji … Among them, the most popular group belongs to "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", and they swept most of the headlines. In fact, these people drank, pick up hot chicks and took drugs (eating "Five Stones". In the troubled times of Wei and Jin dynasties, seven young people with lofty ideals made their debut in groups. Because they don’t want to get involved in the power struggle, they usually don’t do practical things, so they set the league rules of "Mo Yan’s state affairs", which is simply a clean stream in the troubled times.

Notes on Shi Shuo Xin Yu

With its handsome appearance and exquisite talent, the first men’s team in China history, composed of seven handsome guys, has numerous fans, from princes and nobles to ordinary people, all of whom are fascinated by it. Ji Kang, the representative of the Seven Sages in the Bamboo Forest, is not only first-class in piano skills, but also superb in aura. A song "Guangling Qu" has brought down countless fans, and even Wang Rong and Shan Tao in the team are his diehard fans. Look at the wonderful description in Shi Shuo Xin Yu Rong Zhi: "Ji Kang is seven feet eight inches long and has a unique charm. When he sees it, he sighs,’ Xiao Xiao Su Su, bright and clear.’ Or the cloud says,’ Su Su is like a loose wind, high and gentle.’ Shan Gong (Shan Tao) said:’ Uncle Ji Ye (Ji Kang Zi) is also a man, and Yan Yan is lonely and independent; He is drunk, and if Russia (towering) is about to collapse. " "Later generations used" Yushan "to describe the drunken appearance of handsome men.

Of course, the gossip in Shi Shuo Xin Yu is not only idolatry, but also the exposure and satire of social reality. For example, there is a record in the article "Waste": "The Emperor Wudi tasted Wang Wuzi’s home, and Wu Zi offered it for food, and used glazed utensils. There are more than 100 male servants, all of whom are graceful and graceful, holding food and drink with their hands. It is not beautiful, but different from the usual taste. The emperor asked him, and replied,’ Drink wine with human milk’. The emperor was very upset, so he went before he finished eating. " A few years ago, the topic of "keeping healthy with human milk" of the rich people caused a lot of criticism on the Internet, but it was a drop in the bucket compared with Wang Ji’s "keeping pigs with human milk". Legend has it that Nero, the ancient Roman emperor, was extravagant and burned Rome for the expansion of his palace, and the extravagant wind among the Wei and Jin dynasties did not fall behind. The article "Waste" is a comment on Wang Ji, Shi Chong and others’ arrogance and extravagance. They beheaded their handmaids as wine drinkers and made up money to decorate the fence, which was enough to destroy all people’s illusions about modesty and elegance.

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Of course, note novels can’t meet the urgent needs of the people who eat melons for real-time gossip. At the beginning of the 11th century, people wanted to know which geisha Liu Yong, the top singer at that time, was in love with, rather than looking through gossip anecdotes compiled hundreds of years ago. Therefore, the all-encompassing and all-encompassing folk tabloids, as well as various entertainment and leisure places such as brothels, washes, chess houses, theaters, gambling houses, hunting grounds and teahouses, have become important sources for people to know first-hand gossip news. Negative news about the court, society and individuals, such as which official was summoned privately by the emperor, where floods broke out and flooded many houses, how many people died from the plague, and what negative events happened to which official, are unlikely to appear in the official Dibao. However, these gossip information also involves all aspects of interests, so people in the upper class need an alternative kind of "Dibao", that is, the tabloid that goes up to the court and down to the life of officials.

In the late Northern Song Dynasty, this kind of privately printed tabloid appeared (this is an epoch-making event in the history of China’s press and publication), and its editors and publishers were mainly editors of Dibao, but the sources of news were not limited to censors and other officials, and there were also special news inspectors. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhao Sheng recorded in The Ruling and Opposition Category that there were so-called internal spies, provincial spies and official spies, all of which were private tabloids, and the rate was forbidden to leak, so they were called "news" by stealth. Besides, ladies-in-waiting, handmaids, pages and so on are all reliable people who can provide inside information. The appearance of the tabloid enabled the dignitaries in the upper class not only to know the negative news of the society in time, but also to grasp the private lives of their political opponents. Of course, the content in the tabloid, like today’s gossip, has both true and fabricated rumors. There are countless officials who are influenced by the gossip information in the tabloid, among which Zhu Xi, a great scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, suffered greatly. When Zhu Xi was "popular", an incredible gossip came out in the tabloid: Zhu Xi was cheating with his daughter-in-law. This made Zhu Xi angry and embarrassed, and there was no other way but for the dumb to eat Rhizoma Coptidis.

If the tabloid is more corresponding to the upper class, then the entertainment places are caught in the net, including high-class dignitaries, middle-class literati and ordinary ordinary people, so the news here almost covers the gossip of the whole society from top to bottom. As a result, we can see that there is such a bridge in many costume dramas: people from all walks of life gain other people’s privacy through these men and women who hang out in entertainment places, precisely because many people from all walks of life like to go to brothels, listen to ditties and mix gambling houses. In that era when there were no social media, variety shows and film and television broadcasts, most of the lyrics of Liu Yong, a gold medalist in the Northern Song Dynasty, came from romantic places, which spread widely and had a deep influence, from the ear of the emperor (a crane to the sky angered Song Renzong) to the people of Li, as the saying goes, "Where there is a well, all the lyrics are sung." A song "Rain Bells" (chilling and sorrowful) hides the explosive gossip news that makes the people who eat melons bloody, and we can appreciate the terrorist influence of spreading gossip in entertainment places.

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In the 18th century, industrial revolution in europe was surging, which gave birth to gossip news in the modern sense. On the one hand, with the development of the industrial revolution, the autonomy of the countryside has been broken, which has become a part of the whole industrial world, and then various information needs for distant social conditions, raw materials, transportation and people have been born. At the same time, villagers left the countryside and entered the city to become industrial workers. The city is so huge that gossip information is beyond the reach of mouth and ears. People can’t know what happened on the other side of new york, London or Paris, so those interpersonal gossips that were originally "heard at the end of the village" need special middlemen to transit, and commercialized gossip was born.

Since the 1930s, the popular newspaper industry, represented by The New York Sun and The New York Herald, began to sell ordinary people’s gossip, including murder, violence, pornography, and so on. In form, it experienced three stages of development: yellow news, sensational reporting and tabloidization. Different from celebrity gossip, the selling point of ordinary gossip is things rather than people. Although the protagonists of gossip are often changed, their themes and even plots are very similar. They are always about accidents, ecstasy, great happiness, impermanence of life and death, good and evil results, ups and downs of life experience … the ancient motif that human destiny revolves around. People’s attention to the gossip of ordinary people is not due to the abnormality of the protagonist, but precisely to the normality of the protagonist. They stare at the unusual stories of these ordinary people; And once chosen by fate, they will repeat similar stories. In this sense, "all the shocking headlines in the newspaper are actually common things in the world."

Looking through the gossip news and old news, we can find a permanent theme: the constant conflict between isolated individuals and social regulations. It occasionally involves the upper class, but it is always full of the impermanence of the fate of the lower class. Ordinary people gossip is always about the unusual things of fate-occasionally good, mostly bad, such as violent death, suicide, separation of flesh and blood, wind and dust, overnight wealth, semi-empty … These daily updated stories are "not about traditional moral codes, but a living morality, an individual judgment that newspaper readers need to make every day". A secret fact is that these horror stories in the gossip of ordinary people may fall on your head one day. It is by watching the stories of ordinary people that the people who eat melons learn and cope with the choices and uncertainties in life. Yes, eating melons is a complex behavior of thinking about life and fate with a trembling pleasure.

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Undoubtedly, compared with ordinary people’s gossip, people who eat melons are more interested in celebrity gossip. Celebrity gossip has a long history. Celebrities in ancient Rome were monarchs or warriors, celebrities in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were elegant celebrities, celebrities in the early 19th century were politicians, saints and social activists, and celebrities in the late 19th century were successful people such as political stars and business tycoons. By the 1920s, the main composition of celebrities had shifted from productism (business and scientific elites) to the representative of consumerism (entertainment and sports stars), and this huge wave of consumerism has been affecting today. Despite many controversies, celebrity journalism became a formal news category at the beginning of the 20th century. It not only has a special media organization, distribution platform and market segments, but even firmly occupies the special pages of serious newspapers.

In the loose and atomized mass society, celebrity gossip is one of the few events that can unite the eyes of all walks of life. People’s attention to celebrity gossip can easily be extended to pan-social issues and moral issues. For example, the concern about the marriage problems of Wang Baoqiang, Jerry and other stars actually discusses the legal and moral contract in modern marriage; The debate on the family education mode of celebrities reflects the diversity and conflict of modern parenting ideas; The criticism of Zheng Shuang’s surrogacy abandonment incident makes people reflect on the legal and ethical issues behind it; The discussion on Wu Hechen, a disciple of Deyun Society, raising money through water droplets is related to the allocation criteria of social resources. The exposure of celebrity sexual harassment and even the Metoo movement sweeping the world point to the social reality of gender oppression and gender discrimination. The discussion on this kind of celebrity gossip has gone beyond the category of private affairs and become a public affair that unites group identification. By sharing and commenting on these celebrity gossip, girlfriends build a stronger sense of connection with each other.

Of course, the entertainment attribute of celebrity gossip is the eternal love of the masses who eat melons. Celebrities are either handsome in appearance or gifted, or successful in life. People are always used to projecting themselves on celebrities. The superior social status of celebrities often means oppressive plunder of resources. Therefore, people who eat melons are especially happy to see the negative news of high-ranking people, such as the disaster of Qi people caused by Tmall President Jiang Fan, the wives and concubines of Macau gamblers, the love and hate of Samsung family, the parting of Lao Yan, the founder of Amazon, and so on, as well as various movie and television stars, talent show stars, reality show stars and top-notch online celebrity gossip. Through functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) research, it is found that the negative gossip of celebrities can significantly activate the reward center of the brain. Adam Perkins, a neurobiologist, commented that we are essentially running around in the modern world with the brains of cavemen. When a celebrity walks off the altar, the reward center of our brain is activated, as if witnessing the failure of a more successful competitor in our tribe.

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Today, with the rise and strength of online social media such as hot search rankings, the gossip of people who eat melons is simply dizzying, and sometimes several heavy melons appear one after another in one day, which makes senior gossip people a little indigestion (because there are one after another after the opening of the year in 2021, some netizens even ridicule that 2021 is the year of melons). Due to the unprecedented development of gossip information and the deep anxiety that pervades the whole society, the 21st century has become a veritable era of everyone gossiping. As the adhesive of social relations, gossip continues to explode with amazing energy in this era. If a person can collect many unknown secrets and know many people at the same time, gossip will have an influence. So someone added the third quotient: gossip quotient after IQ and EQ.

No matter how keen you are on gossip, almost everyone knows the simple truth that whenever we talk about others, we are talking about ourselves to some extent. When we know that a seemingly happy marriage is on the rocks, that a respectable big man has abused his family, or that a well-behaved celebrity has an unspeakable quirk, we will be relieved: they have the same troubles as me, and they are as ordinary as me. This explains why people who eat melons are often keen to watch, share and comment on the negative news of celebrities. Although there is an old saying that "sit still and think about yourself, and gossip is not about people’s mistakes", people who eat melons have long forgotten the ecstasy of sharing big melons, enjoying the wonderful feeling of β -endorphin secreted by their brains when gossiping. As the saying goes, "gossip is cool for a while, and gossip has always been cool."

Virtue of bad habits

Of course, although gossip is loved by everyone, talking about other people’s negative news is more or less morally flawed. Therefore, gossip is sometimes more like an adventure. When people are gossiping, they are worried that walls have ears, while enjoying the thrill of challenging the rules. In this regard, the American philosopher Emrys Westacott righted the gossip in the book The Virtue of Bad Habits: "Moral purity is the characteristic of a saint, but this sage-like life needs to be achieved at the risk of reducing wealth, passion and challenge, which is inhuman." At the same time, he gave many benefits of gossip with profound insight into human nature, including "gloating (others’ misfortunes will make us feel a kind of vicious happiness), gloating (discussing others’ failures or misfortunes can cause us to feel complacent about our own virtues, abilities or wisdom), feeling of power (information superiority generated by the subject being discussed or the audience who are not yet aware) and itching pleasure (spying on others).

Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language

It can be seen that gossip is just like human nature, neither a devil nor an angel, but a person is just a person. Gossip is neither synonymous with gossip and vulgarity as people generally think, nor a perfect thing without moral flaws. But on the whole, people generally underestimate the power of gossip. It was not until the second half of the 20th century, especially when Robin Dunbar, a famous British anthropologist, wrote the masterpiece of popular science, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, that people began to realize the great value of gossip. Gossip, with the image of a titan-like ancient hero, has entered the modern era with the dark atmosphere in the depths of history. In the rolling tide of secularization that has gradually stepped down from the altar, it tries to surpass the powerful "Schopenhauer Pendulum" with certain social attributes and entertainment spirit inherent to human beings-by talking about the other who is not present, so that human beings can temporarily get rid of the tragic situation of alternating rule of boredom and pain and get some symbolic psychological comfort.

Heidegger said: "Language is the home of existence." As an animal of language, gossip always makes human beings feel at home. Or further, gossip is the essence of human beings.

　　[See the two sessions from all walks of life]

　　People who live up to the green hills will live up to them.

　　　Dong Hongru (national model worker, "the most beautiful guardian of nature", former director of Sumushanlin Forest Farm in Xinghe County, Wulanchabu City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region)

　　Figure Sketch: Yang Zhenhui　　

　　"Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets", the old man I saw with my own eyes, has become a reality in our Sumu Mountain!

　　Sumu Mountain is located at the junction of the three provinces (regions) of Shanxi, Mongolia and Hebei. "There are many deep stones in Shandagou, and it climbs as soon as you go out", with high altitude and cold climate. In the 1950s, it was still a barren hill with only a few birch trees growing sporadically in the shade.

　　In 1958, at the age of 19, I took two "treasures" — — Afforestation Technology and On the Cultivation of Communist party member came to Sumu Mountain and became a ranger. Since then, the "Greening Action" has started.

　　Sumushan land "temper" monster. At first, we tried to plant poplar, birch, apricot and elm, but none of them could grow. Later, I finally found a suitable sapling — — Larix principis-rupprechtii In the autumn of 1966, we began to plant larch on a large scale. In the second year, young trees took out new shoots, and the survival rate was over 90%. By 1980, we had planted more than 100,000 mu in Sumu Mountain, and survived more than 80,000 mu, with an output value of more than 300 million yuan, which successfully filled the afforestation gap in the alpine mountainous area in western Inner Mongolia.

　　In this way, year after year, generation after generation, cold comes and summer goes, and it took decades for our forest farm to finally change from barren hills to mountains and forests!

　　Today, Sumushan has a forested area of 205,000 mu and a forest coverage rate of 74.8%, making it a national standard ecological public welfare forest demonstration base. Sumushan Nature Reserve can increase the average annual forest stock by 11,000 cubic meters, and the ecological services provided by forest resources in water conservation, soil fixation, carbon fixation and oxygen release, atmospheric environment purification, forest recreation and other aspects are as high as hundreds of millions of yuan each year.

　　Green is the greatest wealth of Sumushan Forest Farm. In recent years, more than 100,000 tourists have visited Sumu Mountain every year. "Swim in Sumu Mountain and eat and live in Lujiaying." By selling local products, building villagers’ lodging and special catering, Lujiaying Village at the foot of the mountain has had a "tourist meal" brought by "green water and green mountains" and has become a "online celebrity Village" and a "rural revitalization demonstration village". Eco-tourism drives local people to increase their income and become rich, and a good ecological environment has become the most inclusive livelihood and welfare.

　　With the continuous progress of ecological civilization construction, the Sumu forest farm is different from our time. Not only is the forest length system fully implemented, but there are standardized work processes for afforestation, forest protection and fire prevention, and the working conditions for forest protection such as pest control, replanting and tending have also been greatly improved.

　　Although I am over eighty years old, I will go back to Sumu Mountain from time to time to see where I have fought for a long time. I have done one thing in my life, and that is planting trees. Nowadays, the green hills are getting greener and greener, the woods are being better and better protected by the younger generations, and the people around them are living a more comfortable life.

　　People live up to the castle peak, and the castle peak will live up to people. My whole life has been worth it!

　　　　(Interview with Guangming Daily reporter Yang Shu)