[car home News] Not long ago, Fiat Chrysler Group (FCA) officially released the vehicle model plan for the next five years. From the determination of Jeep brand to the return of Alfa Romeo GTV, from the replacement of Maserati to the launch of Hellcat performance version of Dodge Ram Trx, all indicate the determination of brand recovery. The new models pay more attention to the classification of grades and fill new market segments. With the constant changes in the market, large-space urban SUV has become a new trend in the automobile market. At the same time, the advent of the electrification era has also ushered in a new growth point. Today, we will have a detailed interpretation of this future plan of Fiat Chrysler Group. Are there any new cars you are looking forward to? Let’s look down together

★　Jeep

　　In Jeep’s planning, at least nine new or modified models will be launched before 2022, and two new cars will be launched every year on average. The new cars in the future will cover the entry-level SUV market, pickup truck market and large SUV market, so as to complete its layout in all market segments (except cars). In terms of electrification, by 2022, 10 plug-in hybrid models and 4 pure electric vehicles will be launched; In terms of intelligence, by 2022, all levels of vehicles will be equipped with car networking systems, and L3-level autopilot systems will be provided at other levels except entry-level vehicles.

　　Coming to China market, by 2022, Jeep will launch 8 new/modified models in China, including 2 unique models in China. Among the above-mentioned new energy vehicles, four plug-in hybrid models will meet with us, and the other four pure electric vehicles are all produced in China. By 2020, all its models sold in China will be equipped with car networking system, and L3 autopilot system will also be provided. According to the official definition, the future China market will play a leading role in the global market of FCA.

● New small SUV
Features of the new car: the body length is less than 4 meters, and it will become a family entry model.

　　Jeep has launched Freeman in the small SUV market. In order to further enhance its competitiveness in entry-level and emerging markets, Jeep will launch another brand-new small SUV before 2022, which will be positioned lower than Freeman and is expected to be an urban small SUV.

　　According to the news obtained so far, the body length of the new car will be controlled within 4 meters, and it is expected to be built with Fiat’s new generation Panda and the new Fiat 500 shared platform, and directly compete with Ford Wing Beat. Previously, foreign media had exposed the news that Jeep wanted to build a new entry-level small SUV, and said that the car was code-named Jeep 526.

"Entry-level small SUV confirmed to enter the Indian market"

　　Mike Manley, president of Jeep brand, mentioned in a dialogue, "We can see that small SUVs are a trend in the European market, and this model is also very popular in Latin America." In the official information released by Jeep, it is clearly mentioned that this new car will be launched in India. As a fast-growing emerging market, India’s demand for small cars has been very strong, and brands focusing on the small car market such as Suzuki have achieved good results here, which is also an important reason why Jeep decided to bring this new car into the Indian market.

　　As for the China market, this car may not come. Mike Manley thinks that consumers at this level/price will pay more attention to the products of local brands in China, because the latter has higher cost performance. Indeed, the small SUVs of overseas brands that can sell well in China market at present are all based on large space. For entry-level products like Ford Wing Beat, consumers’ acceptance is not very high. At the same price, they are more willing to choose a small SUV with higher brand configuration in China or a compact SUV with more space.

　　Editor’s comment:Entry-level small SUV will not be very inclusive in China market, especially a model with a length less than 4m. Just a little space will make many China consumers shake their heads. According to the current information, the main market of this car in the future may not be in China, but Indian and Latin America, which have a "special preference" for small cars, are expected to become the main battlefields of this new model. As for what kind of car it will be, let’s wait and see.

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● New Guide
Features of the new car: Plug-in and pure electric version will be provided.

　　The second-generation guide was officially released in November 2016. For this model that has just been on the market for more than a year, it is too early to say what its mid-term redesigned model will be. The official has not announced more information about this car at present.

"cash guide"

　　Let’s talk about the models currently on sale. This compact SUV has achieved a global layout and is currently produced in China, Mexico, Brazil and India. In the domestic market, its price is 159,800-241,800 yuan, and 1.4T and 2.4L models are available. Throughout 2017, this car sold a total of 86,980 vehicles in China, and it has become the most successful domestic model of Jeep.

　　With Jeep’s increasing investment in electrification and intelligence, by 2022, Jeep will launch 10 plug-in hybrid vehicles and 4 pure electric vehicles, including the new guide after the mid-term change, which will bring good news to consumers in areas such as China and the European Union, which have stricter emission requirements and many incentive policies for new energy vehicles. In addition, the addition of car networking and autonomous driving technology will also bring more competitiveness to the new guide.

　　Editor’s comment:Although the guide is a "shoulder handle" in terms of sales volume, the sales volume of the guide is not particularly prominent in the face of some competitors at the same level. After all, the compact SUV is the core position of many overseas brands. According to the data released by FCA, from 2018 to 2022, the number of Jeep’s competitive models in the compact SUV market will increase by 36%, which also means that the guide will face greater challenges, and it will also make itself more competitive through mid-term changes.

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● New Freeman/New Freelight
It is expected to adopt a new design/fully provide new energy version.

Cash Freeman

"cash free light"

　　The replacement of Freelight and Freeman is also worth looking forward to. These two cars have also been made in China at present, so the attention is relatively high. At present, the official has not released detailed information, but it is mentioned that they will also provide plug-in hybrid and electric versions like the new guide, and the car networking system and L3-level autopilot system will be gradually installed.

"『Jeep will provide four models that can be upgraded."

"Free Light Deserthawk version will be launched in the first quarter of 2020"

　　It is worth mentioning that Jeep will further strengthen the subdivision of the performance characteristics of the models in the future, and will enhance the characteristics of the models by launching four different versions. For example, the Trailhawk version will have the most powerful off-road capability; Deserthawk version will provide powerful desert off-road performance, and we can see that the Deserthawk version of the new free light will be released in the first quarter of 2020; The Trackhawk version will provide strong road performance; In addition, Jeep will launch a version focusing on urban driving in the future, which is expected to have a unique performance in terms of technology configuration.

　　Editor’s comment:Freeman and Freelight are two distinctive models. Jeep brand attributes and certain off-road attributes make these two cars very unique in the same class. In terms of sales volume, the uniqueness determines the relative niche of these two cars, which naturally cannot be compared with the same level of big red and purple models. Fortunately, in the future, the government will launch a variety of special versions of the car, further strengthening the characteristics of all aspects of the new car. On the basis of continuing to retain and enrich its powerful off-road options, it will also provide urban versions that are more in line with the needs of the city for consumers to choose from, taking care of the needs of those consumers who are "home is more than off-road", which will be helpful to these models that need to travel.

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● entry-level medium-sized SUV with three rows of seats (low d 3-row)
Positioning or lower than the new free light/main market segment

『Jeep free light

"『Jeep Commander"

　　At present, in the medium-sized SUV market, Jeep has laid out free light and big commander models, which have adopted 5-seat and 7-seat designs respectively. In order to continue to enhance its competitiveness in the medium-sized SUV category, Jeep plans to launch a brand-new medium-sized SUV before 2022. As can be seen from the plan, the official name of this new car is Low D 3-Row, so its positioning will be an entry-level medium-sized SUV with three rows of seats.

"These may be competitors of the new SUV."

　　Judging from the current market situation, the future competitors of this new car will be Nissan Qijun and Mitsubishi Outlander. In addition, in the new energy market, we can see that Jeep plans to launch plug-in hybrid vehicles and pure electric vehicles at this level, and L3-level autopilot function will also be added in 2021. This plays a very important role in the overall electrification layout of the brand.

　　Editor’s comment:In the SUV market, the medium-sized SUV is definitely the hottest market. Jeep also launched seven SUV commander models for this market in a timely manner this year, forming a combination of five seats and seven seats. However, if you want to gain more market share, in addition to improving the product itself, you need to develop more market segments, such as this entry-level three-row seat medium-sized SUV, which is relatively low in budget, but it is undoubtedly a very suitable choice for consumers with rigid demand for seven-seat models.

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● The new herdsman Truck.
Have stronger functionality.

"herdsman pickup version spy photos"

　　In this officially announced future new car plan, we saw a model marked Truck in the D-class (medium-sized SUV). Although its real identity was not announced, combined with previous news, this model should be the pickup version of a new generation of herdsman models. At the 2018 Beijing Auto Show, Jeep showed us a new generation of herdsman cars. At the auto show, we also saw that the new car continued to maintain the design style of herdsman cars, and its derivative models were getting closer and closer to us.

"herdsman pickup version imaginary map"

　　Previously, foreign media drew an imaginary map with a high degree of reduction based on the spy photos taken. From the picture, the new car continues to use the iconic seven-hole front air intake grille and the square box shape that we are all familiar with. In fact, as early as 2005, Jeep launched a pickup truck-style Gladiator concept car. Until 2015, Jeep announced that the car would become a derivative of a new generation of herdsman, and it is expected to be officially unveiled in 2019.

"Ohio factory"

　　In addition, the new car will be produced by the factory in Ohio, USA in the future. In April this year, the factory completed the production of the previous generation herdsman (code JK). In the future, the new car will share the powertrain with the new herdsman, using a 2.0T turbocharged engine and a 3.6L naturally aspirated engine. In the transmission part, the new car will adopt an 8-speed automatic gearbox.

　　Editor’s comment:In fact, when it comes to pickup truck models, most domestic consumers’ understanding of this model is still in the scope of tool cars, but in overseas markets, pickup truck models actually have a very large consumer group, and the future competitors of this car should target Ford Ranger and Chevrolet Kurod. For consumers, a pickup truck with good passability and loading capacity is very attractive, not to mention a Jeep.

● Brand-new Grand Cherokee/brand-new three-row seat medium and large SUV
Make up for the deficiency of existing products/increase the technological configuration such as automatic driving.

『Jeep Grand Cherokee

　　So far, the Jeep brand has only laid out one Grand Cherokee model in the medium and large SUV market, and this model only provides five-seat versions. This product configuration is really a bit thin today. According to the released future plan, Jeep will launch a new generation of Grand Cherokee models and a brand-new three-row medium and large SUV model in 2020, which is undoubtedly a supplement to the market.

"Giulia and Stelvio』 based on Giorgio platform"

　　According to previous news, a new generation of Grand Cherokee models will be built with a new platform, which will be upgraded from the Giorgio platform that currently builds Alfa Romeo Giulia and Stelvio models. In addition, the plug-in hybrid version of the Grand Cherokee will also be launched at the same time, and it will be equipped with more powerful high-tech configurations in the future, such as autonomous driving and mobile network connection.

Editor’s comment:

　　The chassis used by the current Grand Cherokee is relatively old, so this new Grand Cherokee upgrade will mainly aim at this point, and the new platform can not only bring new driving experience to the new car, but also make the space of the new car more flexible, so the medium and large SUV with three rows of seats came into being. Indeed, the Grand Cherokee currently on sale can no longer compete with many 7-seat models by virtue of its 5-seat design, and it is also very helpful to increase the competitiveness of the new car in time.

● Jeep New Generation Wagner/Grand Wagner
New car features: Jeep brand flagship SUV, mainly for the American market.

"Previously exposed preview of suspected big Wagner"

　　As Jeep hopes to continue to expand its product line in the next five years, its SUV products will not only continue to explore, but also challenge the brand in the next few years. One of the flagship products is the new generation Wagner/Big Wagner, which aims at positioning large SUVs.

　　Jeep has clearly identified that the positioning of the new generation Wagner and Grand Wagner will be higher than that of the current Grand Cherokee and a three-row medium and large SUV in the future. Since the old Wagner stopped production in 1991, Jeep has not been involved in the large SUV market for nearly 30 years, and the previous Jeep commander was only able to reach the size of medium and large SUVs.

"The new car will compete with these big guys in the American market."

　　In these 30 years, Chevrolet Tahoe/Suburban, Ford Conqueror/Conqueror MAX and GMC YUKON/YUKON XL have gradually become the main targets for Americans to consume large SUVs. We expect Jeep to plan a new generation of Wagner/Grand Wagner just to regain its position in the American market. In addition, Jeep has planned a plug-in hybrid version for these two cars, which will not only reduce emissions, but also exclude that they will also be imported into Europe and even China.

　　Editor’s comment:I believe many netizens have a deep memory of Chevrolet Suburban and Ford Conqueror used by agents in American movies, but Jeep, which was also born in World War II, rarely appears, which also reflects from the side that Jeep has been absent for many years in the large SUV market in North America.

　　A new generation of Wagner and Grand Wagner is exactly one of the forces that Jeep arranged to recapture the large SUV market. Wagner will mainly compete for standard wheelbase products such as Chevrolet Tahoe, Ford Conqueror and GMC YUKON, while Grand Wagner will challenge Chevrolet Suburban, Conqueror MAX, YUKON XL and even long wheelbase products such as Escalade and Navigator as a long wheelbase version.

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★ Alfa Romeo

　　By 2022, Alfa Romeo brand will release seven new models. In addition to the two new sports cars listed separately, other mainstream models include the mid-term modified models of Giulia, Giulietta and Stelvio, as well as two brand-new SUV products belonging to compact and medium-sized grades. The four levels of the above seven models will be 100% electrified, that is, pure electric or hybrid models will be derived, and automatic driving functions of Level 2+ and Level 3 will also be provided, as well as car networking functions.

● Mid-term change Giulietta
Features of the new car: It may become the "oldest" luxury brand compact car by then.

　　Alfa Romeo Giulietta is a compact hatchback car, which is mainly sold in Europe. The current generation Giulietta model was first released in 2010, and has been in the market for 8 years, during which it has only experienced two minor changes. However, according to Alfa Romeo’s plan, the Giulietta model is obviously not their focus, because this car will only welcome its mid-term redesigned model before 2022.

　　Editor’s comment:At present, Giulietta is mainly sold in the European market. If such a compact hatchback car with strong European style is imported into China, it will not be too competitive. After all, the products of the same level of "BBA" have been localized, and Giulietta has not undergone a replacement since it came out in 2010. The significant backwardness of its product strength is also a key reason that cannot be ignored. The editor predicts that Giulietta will not be introduced into domestic sales in the future. For its redesigned models, we can just treat it with a "look at it" mentality.

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● New compact SUV and new medium and large SUV.
New car features: enter the other two mainstream SUV market segments.

　　According to the plan, before 2022, Alfa Romeo will also launch a brand-new compact SUV (belonging to C-segment) and a brand-new medium and large SUV (belonging to E-segment), which will also become the brand’s entry SUV and flagship SUV products respectively. Among them, the new compact SUV will compete for market share with the new generation of luxury brands such as Audi Q3, Cadillac XT4 and Lexus UX. As for the new medium and large SUV, its main competitors in 2022 may include the mid-term modified versions of the new BMW X5 and the new Mercedes-Benz GLE.

　　Editor’s comment:It is not until 2022 at the latest that these two new SUVs will be laid out. It is hard to say that Alfa Romeo’s action is "not too late". After all, mainstream luxury brands have been laid out in these two market segments for many years. It is really a headache to imagine the competing products and market environment in four years from now. At that time, Audi Q3/ BMW X1, BMW X5/ Mercedes-Benz GLE/ Lexus RX and other models should have been replaced, and may even usher in a mid-term change. BBA and Lexus, the old manufacturers’ accumulation in new technologies such as new energy and autonomous driving for many years, must have been gradually applied to these products. For Alfa Romeo and even FCA, the gap in market, brand and technology may not be easily caught up in just four years. In the future, these two new products entering the mainstream SUV market segment may still rank among the minority groups.

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● Mid-term change of Giulia/Stelvio (adding long wheelbase version)
New car features: or draw design elements from the new GTV sports car, and the wheelbase is lengthened.

　　Giulia and Stelvio are the first two heavy products launched by Alfa Romeo after he returned to China market, and they are also the two models that are most familiar to consumers in China at present. According to the official plan, these two models will be redesigned in the mid-term before 2022, and a long-wheelbase version will be launched to better meet the demand of domestic consumers for rear space and enhance their competitiveness. The planned new GTV sports car can be regarded as a coupe version derived from the new Giulia four-leaf clover version in the future, and the design of the car is also expected to "feed back" the new Giulia/Stelvio, including the new triple LED headlight group shown in the GTV preview.

　　Editor’s comment:Looking at the luxury mid-size car market, BBA needless to say, such as British finidi Q50L, Cadillac ATS-L, Jaguar XEL, Volvo S60L, etc. are also key products with longer wheelbase; Although the extension of luxury medium-sized SUV is not so common, heavy models such as Audi Q5L and Mercedes-Benz GLC will be launched in the form of extended versions soon, so the extension is still the trend.

　　For Alfa Romeo, whose brand positioning is relatively small, and the consumer groups are more concerned about feelings and sports, the lengthening of the main products may make a small number of "true love powder" feel disgusted, but Alfa Romeo who made this decision may really want to become a mainstream and seek a larger consumer group. Based on this position, it is necessary for Giulia and Stelvio to lengthen the wheelbase. After all, in terms of actual product performance, the rear space of these two cars does not have any advantage compared with mainstream models of the same level.

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● A new generation of Alfa Romeo GTV
New car features: Coupe shape, power over 600 horsepower.

　　GTV was once a Coupe model built by Alfa Romeo, and it was also a symbol of the brand’s high-performance car. In this new five-year plan, Alfa Romeo plans to resurrect this classic model and only produce a high-performance version, thus launching an impact on Mercedes -AMG C 63 Coupe, BMW M4 Coupe and Audi RS 5 Coupe.

"They will all be the objects of GTV competition, and of course there will be more than the above three."

　　GTV, as its name implies, stands for two-door four-seater sports car and V stands for Veloce (Italian speed), and the new generation GTV is probably the Coupe version of the Giulia four-leaf clover version in the medium term. Perhaps the new name is used to better highlight the positioning of the new car, just like the relationship between BMW M3 and M4.

　　From the details of the exposure, the new generation Alfa Romeo GTV will be equipped with a power system with a comprehensive maximum power of more than 600 HP. In addition to the engine, a hybrid system will be added to achieve this power level, but at present, we don’t know whether it will be plug-in hybrid or 48V micro-hybrid system. In addition, the car will also be equipped with a four-wheel drive system.

　　Editor’s comment:Alfa Romeo GTV can be regarded as a masterpiece that the brand continues to impact the traditional high-performance coupe market after Giulia four-leaf clover edition. Although it is likely to be in a compact size, the maximum power of more than 600 horsepower can already impact higher-level products such as BMW M5 and Mercedes-Benz E 63.

　　This may be because Alfa Romeo didn’t have a medium-sized car in his planning, so as the largest coupe, the new generation Alfa Romeo GTV will ignore the level division and challenge stronger opponents with leapfrog power. As a brand that once galloped the track, this revival of GTV may be aimed at killing all levels of high-performance coupes/cars.

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●　A new generation of Alfa Romeo 8C
New car features: use the classic car name to build a hybrid supercar.

　　The real meaning of 8C is Italian 8 Cilindro (that is, 8-cylinder engine), and its history can be traced back to an in-line 8-cylinder racing car built by Alfa Romeo in 1931, which made Alfa Romeo famous in one fell swoop. In 2003, 8C Competizione was launched in the world. Based on Maserati GT platform, it once again awakened the feelings of Alfa fans, and now Alfa Romeo 8C is about to return again.

Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione』

　　From the details of exposure, the new generation Alfa Romeo 8C is different from the positioning of the previous generation GT sports car, and it will be positioned as a super sports car with a mid-engine and a carbon fiber monocoque body. In addition, the new car will be equipped with a hybrid system combining a twin-turbocharged engine and an electric motor, in which the electric motor drives the front axle and the engine is expected to drive the rear axle, thus forming a four-wheel drive layout. In terms of power, the comprehensive maximum power of the car will exceed 700 horsepower, and the 0-100km/h will be less than 3 seconds.

　　Editor’s comment:The revival of Alfa Romeo 8C marks that the brand that once galloped the track has finally returned to its original attributes, with a standard super-running figure, a hybrid powertrain and a maximum power of more than 700 horsepower. We can conclude that Alfa Romeo is building a track monster. Among competing products of the same brand, it is difficult for us to find a direct opponent for him, but in the future, the car will definitely compete with many super sports cars after mass production.

★ Maserati

　　By 2022, Maserati brand will release six new models. In addition to upgrading the existing models, it will also launch a brand-new SUV model, which will become an entry-level SUV model in the future. The four levels of the above six models will be 100% electrified, that is, the pure electric or hybrid models will be derived, and the automatic driving function of Level 2+ and Level 3 will also be provided, as well as the car networking function.

● Maserati D-UV
Features of the new car: A plug-in version will be introduced and/or built based on Levante platform.

　　According to Maserati’s official plan, it will launch an SUV that is smaller than Levante by 2022, which will become Maserati’s entry-level SUV model to meet the needs of more young consumers. It is worth noting that because Levante’s existing platform can only develop plug-in hybrid models, but can’t develop pure electric models, it chose to directly build a new platform for replacement in 2022. The new SUV model D-UV, which will be officially launched this time, will only launch plug-in hybrid models in the future, so the new car is expected to be built on the current Levante platform.

　　Editor’s comment:With the gradual rejuvenation of the market, Maserati, a top luxury brand, will reposition itself, take Porsche as a competitor, and occupy more space in the luxury market by launching fast-paced electrified products. And its brand-new SUV model will be launched before 2022, or the competing product will be selected as Porsche’s Macan.

　　According to Porsche’s official sales performance in 2017, it delivered a total of 246,375 new cars in 2017, with sales increasing by 4% year-on-year. At the same time, the turnover increased by 5% year-on-year to 23.5 billion euros, and the profit reached 4.1 billion euros. Macan is Porsche’s best-selling model, delivering more than 97,000 new cars, up 2% year-on-year. Perhaps Maserati officials also saw that Porsche Macan was so popular in this market segment, and quickly refined its products to seize the market share and increase its brand sales.

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● Maserati Alfieri
New car features: Coupe and convertible versions, pure aluminum structure.

"Maserati Alfieri Concept Car"

"Maserati Alfieri preview"

　　Maserati Alfieri concept car made its debut at the 2014 Geneva Motor Show. In the past few years, the official mentioned the mass production plan of this car many times, but it has not been put into practice. This time, this new generation GT sports car finally confirmed to land on the market before 2022, becoming the successor of GranTurismo and GranCabrio, and its future competitors will mainly aim at classic sports cars such as Porsche 911.

　　The name Alfieri has a profound meaning for Maserati. It is taken from Alfieri Maserati, the founder of Maserati, and Alfieri will become the pioneer of Maserati electric sports car in the future. According to the latest information released by Maserati, Alfieri will be built with the new pure aluminum structure of Modular Aluminum Space Frame, with a more compact body size and a lower vehicle weight (the electric version is 175kg heavier than the fuel version), and two versions of Coupe two-door and Cabriolet convertible are still available.

　　The Alfieri concept car is equipped with a 4.7L V8 engine with a maximum power of 463 HP. However, in order to meet the stringent emission standards of various countries, Alfieri after mass production will adopt a twin-turbocharged V6 engine, which will be officially unveiled in 2019 at the earliest, and then plug-in hybrid version and pure electric version with 3 motors will be launched around 2020. It is reported that the pure electric version has E-AWD all-wheel drive and torque vector distribution system, and the acceleration of 0-100km/h is only 2 seconds, and the top speed exceeds 300 km/h.

　　Editor’s comment:After FCA has re-integrated and comprehensively laid out its brands, Maserati will further clarify its brand positioning and become Porsche’s most direct competitor in the future. Alfieri also took over the banner of GranTurismo/GranCabrio and challenged Porsche 911 as a pure electric flagship sports car.

　　He who wins the China market wins the world. In 2017, the largest single market of Maserati and Porsche in the world is China, so it is imperative for Maserati to wrestle with Porsche, expand sales channels in China market and strengthen brand recognition. Otherwise, whether it’s a brand-new SUV against Macan or a one-on-one fight against Alfieri of 911, in the face of the gold-lettered signboard of "Porsche", you may feel more willing than able.

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● Maserati’s new president /Levante
New car features: brand-new platforms, all of which are plug-in hybrid/pure electric vehicles.

"『MaseratiBlue brand planning"

　　In addition to the above-mentioned brand-new sports car Alfieri, Maserati will build MaseratiBlue brand, which provides new energy products, including 8 plug-in hybrid models and 4 pure electric vehicles, covering Alfieri, Alfieri Cabrio, President and Levante before 2022. The power system of these pure electric vehicles will be composed of three motors and 800 volt lightweight batteries with faster charging speed, which can bring stronger power output, longer cruising range and shorter charging time.

　　As the current sales person, the President and Levante will adopt a brand-new State-of-the-art modular plate form after iteration, with the highlight of lightweight design and 50:50 front-to-rear weight ratio, equipped with Dynamic Q4 AWD four-wheel drive system, and some models will also be equipped with Level 3 autopilot technology.

　　Editor’s comment:After the replacement, the president /Levante has more power choices, and it is expected that the handling and comfort will be further improved. After all, they set themselves up against Panamera and Cayenne. Although the official has not disclosed the information about the design of these two models, it is expected that they will follow Italy’s excellent aesthetic genes and bring consumers a refreshing visual experience.

"Maserati product planning for the next five years"

　　Of course, there is another model that has to be mentioned, and that is Ghibli. Ghibli plays an important role in Maserati’s brand history and has a resounding name of "Little President". However, in the latest product planning, Maserati has not tailored a new development path for this car. In the next five years, only Ghibli modified models and new energy versions will be launched. It is still unknown whether the new Ghibli will update with the new generation of presidents in styling design, but we have reason to believe that with its strength, it will still provide Maserati with a lot of sales support in the short term.

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★ Dodge RAM

● production version of dodge RAM 1500 TRX /RAM heavy pickup truck (HEAVY DUTY pickup truck)
New car features: a pure electric version will be launched.

　　According to the product planning of RAM brand issued by FCA Group, we found that RAM brand will launch the production version of RAM 1500 TRX model before 2022, and the new car can be regarded as a high-performance version of the new generation RAM 1500, which not only improves the off-road capability, but also improves the dynamic performance of road driving.

"brand new RAM 1500』"

　　It is understood that the brand-new RAM 1500 has been officially unveiled at the 2018 north american auto show, and the new car has adopted a brand-new rough design, which makes it look more muscular like an American pickup truck. At the same time, it also adds a 12-inch large-size LCD central control screen in configuration, which not only improves the use of waking up, but also adds a sense of technology, which is more in line with the current consumer aesthetics and car demand.

『RAM Rebel TRX Concept』

　　In addition, the RAM brand will launch a new generation of HEAVY DUTY pickup trucks in north american auto show in January 2019. It is worth mentioning that the RAM 1500 is the first to welcome the pure electric version, and it will be equipped with L2-level autopilot technology in 2021, while the new generation of HEAVY DUTY-level pickup trucks will welcome L2-level autopilot technology in 2022.

　　Editor’s comment:Due to the American consumers’ love for pickup trucks, we checked the sales volume in the US market and found that in 2017, the RAM series pickup trucks ranked in the forefront of the US sales list with a sales volume of about 500,000, but they did not surpass the competing Fran? osorod and Ford F-150 models. Turning to the domestic market, RAM series pickups are not officially imported, which leads consumers to purchase only from parallel import channels. However, due to the high price and niche product positioning, they can only become a "toy" for a few people.

　　However, with the launch of the brand-new RAM 1500 model and the production version of RAM 1500 TRX and the launch of a new generation of heavy-duty pickup trucks in the future, it has undoubtedly brought a fierce impact to the pickup truck market. At the same time, electrification and L2-level autonomous driving technology have also enabled RAM brand pickup trucks to take the lead in this market segment.

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● a new generation of PROMASTER
Features of the new car: It will be equipped with L2-level automatic driving.

"current RAM PROMASTER model"

　　If you talk about the PROMASTER model under the RAM brand, I believe many netizens are somewhat unfamiliar with this car, so let’s briefly introduce it here. In terms of the size of the new car, its length, width and height are 5999/2090/2585mm, and its wheelbase is 4021 mm. It is positioned as a large MPV. According to the official introduction, the new generation of PROMASTER models will usher in L2 autonomous driving technology by 2021.

　　It is understood that RAM PROMASTER adopts a closed carriage design, and its internal space supports a variety of layout schemes, which can fully meet consumers’ demand for freedom of space, and further emphasize the functionality of new car loading and transportation. At the same time, this model has always been a best-selling commercial model in the North American market. It is worth mentioning that in overseas markets, because the price of the car is relatively close to the people and the body size is large enough, it is also favored by local RV modification enthusiasts.

　　Editor’s comment:In fact, the launch of the new PROMASTER model of RAM is far away from us. After all, even if this niche model is imported into China in parallel, I believe few consumers will buy it. After all, no matter the brand strength, price and product positioning, it is not in line with the needs of current consumers.

　　However, we can see that the car will be equipped with L2-level autonomous driving technology before 2021, which is surprising to us. After all, as a vehicle mainly used for transportation, it is still rare to be equipped with such technology in China. I have to say that RAM brand has a knowledge of the popularity of automated driving technology and safe driving, which still needs some domestic brands to learn.

● Summary

　　With the substantial update of Jeep, Alfa Romeo, Maserati and Dodge Ram brand product lines, all brands will have fresh blood in the market segments such as SUV, compact car, medium-sized car, sports car and new energy vehicle, so that the overall product strength will be improved again. Among them, the new entry-level three-row medium-sized SUV under the Jeep brand is expected to become a new growth point; Alfa Romeo’s continued expansion of SUV models will provide consumers with more choices; In addition to a big change in SUV product line, the new energy product line will make full efforts to gain more fighting power. I believe that the sales performance of FCA Group in the world will reach a new height in five years, so we will wait and see. (Text/car home Wang Yibing)

Xiaobian once had an article showing part.American phrases that confuse the BritishNow let’s change our minds and look at some confusing English phrases. The origins of some idioms or idioms commonly used by the British are ambiguous, which makes the pro-British people afraid that they are not used to these unusual expressions.

1. They’re chalk and cheese. What does it mean?

A. They’re very different.

B. They’re looking pale.

C. They’re very fickle.

2. Bob’s your uncle! What does it mean?

A. You used nepotism.

B. What a coincidence!

C. You come from a rural area.

D. The task is easily achieved.

3. I’ve known her for donkey’s. What does it mean?

A. I’ve known her for a very long time.

B. She’s a jerk.

C. I don’t trust her.

D. I know a lot of her secrets.

4. Something for the weekend. What does it mean?

A. A condom

B. A time-consuming hobby

C. Marijuana

D. A duvet

5. At Her Majesty’s pleasure. What does it mean?

A. A lazy morning

B. Waiting for somebody slow

C. A beautiful sunset

D. In prison

6. Swings and roundabouts. What does it mean?

A. Ways of avoiding problem

B. Obstacles that prevent you getting somewhere

C. Gains and losses that offset each other

D. Perks of a job that aren’t mentioned in the job advert

7. Horses for courses. What does it mean?

A. Somebody wearing cloths suited to a younger person

B. Food that looks good by tastes terrible

C. A very competitive race

D. Different things suit different people

8. He’s got the hump.

A. He’s in love

B. He’s very hungry

C. He’s annoyed

D. He can drink a lot of alcohol without getting drunk

9. I need to spend a penny

A. I’m addicted to candy

B. I can’t afford to go abroad this year

C. I need to go to the toilet

D. I need to change my shoes

10. He’s on the pull

A. He’s going to get promoted

B. He relies on charity

C. He’s hoping to have sex with someone

D. He’s driving

Are you ready to read the answer? Pull down!

1. A

"challenge and cheese" is equivalent to "apples and oranges" said by Americans. It describes that two things or people are completely different or completely incompatible. The usual sentence pattern is "like/as different as challenge and cheese", for example, we’ll never get on-we’re like challenge and cheese.

2. D

"Bob’s your uncle" is said to have originated from Arthur Balfour. He was appointed to several prestigious positions by his uncle Robert Cecil (nicknamed Bob), and now it is used to indicate that he can finish a task easily. For example, put together a couple of kitchen fittings, buy a coffee machine and Bob’s your uncle.

3. A

"Donkey’s" is usually a shorthand for "donkey’s years". At first, it may be written as donkey’s ears, which means that something is very long in length, but now it means a long time. For example, we’ve been close friends for donkey’s years.

4. A

Incredibly, "Something for the weekend" refers to condoms. People usually think that this is a euphemism when barbers selling condoms sell them to customers, such as "something for the weekend, sir? "

5. D

"His Sharp Practice Costhim a $ TERM at Her Majesty’s pleasure", if someone at her majesty’s pleasure, then he is being held in a British prison. This phrase was formed because the monarch initially had the right to decide freely whether to detain someone.

6. C

Swings and roundabouts in British English mean "different actions or choices will eventually lead to no gains or losses, or gains and losses will offset each other". Does it mean that different roads lead to the same goal, or that the lost corner will reap the mulberry? A more complete phrase is "to gain on the swings and lose on the roundabouts". For example, I don’t want to have to, but it’s swings and roundabouts

7. D

Horses for courses is an English proverb, which means "different people are suitable for different things", and its origin is the phrase "different race horses would be better on different race courses/different horse races have better performances on different tracks", which really has their own strengths or different meanings. For example, so I’m not interested in politics, it’s horses for courses.

8. C

The origin of the phrase get/have/give someone the hump is not clear, and it may be related to camels, which means "to become angry or lose one’s temper for no reason", such as "fans get the hump when they lose" or "debate has been beening about road safety, with people across London getting the hump."

9. C

In Britain, it used to cost a penny to use a coin-operated public toilet once, which is a euphemism for the phrase spend a penny instead of "urinating", such as "you can’t get to sleep when you want to spend a penny".

10. C

There seems to be a clear correlation between pull and attributes in the example. The phrase on the pull refers to an attempt to attract someone to bed in British informal context, such as "an eligible bachelor on the pull" or "I remember now why I’m not interested in going on the pull."

(Source: Oxford Dictionary WeChat WeChat official account Editor: Julie)

Among the Chinese patent medicines approved for registration in China, some are compound preparations of Chinese and western medicines, that is, Chinese patent medicines containing chemical drugs. Doctors, pharmacists and patients must be aware that this kind of preparation can not be used only as general Chinese patent medicine. If you don’t pay attention to the prescription ingredients, it will lead to repeated medication. When combined with chemical drugs, we must first find out the ingredients to avoid abuse and cumulative application with chemical drugs to prevent adverse reactions and serious function and organ damage.

Share the efficacy and western medicine ingredients of 110 kinds of Chinese patent medicines containing western medicine ingredients for your reference in study and work!

Anticold medicine

The product name and efficacy contain western medicine ingredients, such as Pugan Tablet, pungent and warm to relieve exterior symptoms, and dispel cold. It can be used for relieving exterior symptoms, clearing away heat, dispelling wind and relieving pain, such as headache, limb soreness, fever, sneezing, runny nose, thin and white cough phlegm caused by wind-cold type cold and influenza. It can be used for treating severe cold caused by exogenous pathogenic factors and stagnation of heat, with symptoms of aversion to cold, high fever, headache, limb aches, sore throat, stuffy nose, cough, etc. Analgin and chlorphenamine maleate can dispel wind, detoxify and relieve pain. Used for fever, aversion to cold, stuffy nose and runny nose at the beginning of a cold. Acetaminophen and chlorphenamine maleate Sukankang capsules have the functions of clearing away heat and toxic materials, diminishing inflammation and relieving pain. Acetaminophen, chlorpheniramine maleate and vitamin C Sukegan tablets (capsules) are used to clear away heat and toxic materials, dispel wind and relieve pain, for headache, nasal congestion and runny nose, yellow cough, sore throat and gingival swelling and pain caused by wind-heat cold, influenza and upper respiratory tract infection. Acetylsalicylic acid, chlorphenamine maleate and vitamin C Suganning capsules are used for clearing away heat and toxic materials, diminishing inflammation and relieving pain. It can be used for relieving exterior syndrome caused by wind-heat cold, influenza and upper respiratory tract infection, such as headache, body pain, stuffy nose, runny nose, yellow cough, gingival swelling and pain, etc. Acetaminophen, chlorphenamine maleate, vitamin C and vitamin C Yinqiao tablets are pungent and cool, clearing away heat and toxic materials. Used for relieving exterior syndrome caused by influenza, such as fever, headache, dry mouth, sore throat, etc., acetaminophen, chlorphenamine maleate and vitamin C Qiangli Ganmao tablet (Qiangli tablet), clearing away heat and toxic materials,Antipyretic and analgesic. Acetaminophen Ganmaoqing tablet (capsule) is used for dispelling pathogenic wind, relieving exterior syndrome, clearing away heat and toxic materials for colds, fever, headache, dry mouth, cough and sore throat. Acetaminophen, chlorpheniramine maleate, and maringuanidine hydrochloride suganning capsules are used for clearing away heat and toxic materials, diminishing inflammation and relieving pain for wind-heat common cold, fever, headache, nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, sore throat and general aches. It can be used for clearing away heat and toxic materials for common cold, influenza, sore throat and parotitis in children. It can be used for relieving fever and pain of wind-heat common cold, mumps and laryngitis with acetylsalicylic acid Ganmaoling capsule (granule). Acetaminophen, chlorphenamine maleate and Caffeine Ganteling capsules are used for clearing away heat and toxic materials, clearing away lung heat and relieving cough. It is used for clearing away heat, detoxicating and relieving exterior syndrome caused by cough, runny nose, headache, dizziness and other symptoms in the early stage of cold. It can be use for relieving exterior syndrome, clear away heat and toxic materials with acetaminophen, chlorphenamine maleate and compound Ganmaoling tablets (capsules) of moroxydine hydrochloride. It can be used for relieving exterior symptoms, clearing away heat and toxic materials, such as fever, slight aversion to wind-heat-cold, headache, dry mouth, stuffy nose, sore throat, cough, yellow and sticky phlegm, paracetamol, chlorphenamine maleate and caffeine Jinling Ganmao tablets. Acetylsalicylic acid, chlorphenamine maleate and vitamin C Yinju Qingjie tablets are used for colds and upper respiratory tract infections, which are pungent and cool, clear away heat and toxic materials.It can be used for treating exogenous wind-heat, fever, aversion to cold, headache, cough, sore throat, etc. Acetaminophen, chlorphenamine maleate, new compound isatis indigotica leaves, clearing away plague, diminishing inflammation and relieving fever. It can be used to relieve fever, headache, nasal discharge and nasal discharge, joint pain, acetaminophen, vitamin C, caffeine, and pentobarbital Kangganling tablets. It can be used for treating nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy throat, cough and headache, aches all over the body, persistent high fever and complications such as tonsillitis and lymphadenitis caused by cold. Acetaminophen Guanhuang Ganmao Granule can cool the exterior, disperse the lung and relieve cough. It can be used for relieving fever and pain of wind-heat common cold, fever and aversion to wind, headache and nasal congestion, and cough with phlegm. Used for headache, fever, stuffy nose, cough and sore throat caused by common cold, acetaminophen, chlorphenamine maleate and caffeine.

Tonifying drug

The product name and efficacy contain western medicine ingredients, such as Lijiashou Tablet, which can tonify spleen and kidney, nourish yin and blood, improve intelligence and soothe the nerves. It can be used for fatigue, palpitation, insomnia, forgetfulness, frequent urination, etc. due to senility, and it can also be used for strengthening physique in the recovery period of chronic diseases. Vitamin E Weierkang capsule has the functions of strengthening spleen, strengthening body resistance, calming nerves and improving intelligence, and delaying aging. It can be used for the elderly who are weak, forgetful, dirty and impatient, and the elderly with dark spots. It can also be used as an auxiliary treatment for hypochondriac pain, fatigue and short breath. Vitamin E, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin B1 compound Ziziphus jujuba seed capsules nourish blood and soothe the nerves. L-tetrahydropalmatine Jianpi Shengxue Granule is used for invigorating spleen and stomach, nourishing blood and tranquilizing the mind. Used for iron deficiency anemia of children with spleen and stomach weakness and heart and spleen deficiency; Adult iron deficiency anemia with deficiency of both qi and blood. Symptoms include sallow or white complexion, anorexia, bloating, constipation, irritability, sweating, lassitude, fat and pale tongue, thin and white fur, and weak pulse. Ferrous sulfate Weixuekang syrup can tonify kidney and spleen, replenish blood and nourish yin, and is used for spleen and kidney deficiency, essence and blood deficiency, sallow complexion, dizziness and tinnitus, soreness of waist and knees, and fatigue and thinness. And nutritional anemia and iron deficiency anemia belong to the above syndromes, and ferrous sulfate Shenqi Lidekang tablets can invigorate qi and nourish blood, and promote yang and stomach. For deficiency of qi and blood, stagnation of qi in middle energizer, fatigue, inappetence, poor sleep and diarrhea, Vitamin E Yikang capsule can regulate the whole body metabolism, restore cell vitality, improve cardiovascular function, strengthen the brain, keep fit, delay aging, and strengthen the body resistance. Can be used for treating coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia, cerebral arteriosclerosis, and senile vision loss.Vitamin E and Vitamin A anti-brain-failure capsules have auxiliary therapeutic effects on hypothyroidism and chronic senile bronchitis, and have the functions of tonifying kidney and replenishing essence, benefiting qi and nourishing blood, strengthening body and strengthening brain. It is used for nourishing liver and kidney, nourishing heart and tranquilizing the mind, such as mental fatigue, insomnia, dreaminess, dizziness, weakness and memory loss caused by deficiency of kidney essence and liver deficiency and blood deficiency. For patients with liver and kidney deficiency, mental dystrophy, forgetfulness, insomnia, dysphoria, MUBI, hot flashes, night sweats, mental fatigue and neurasthenia, vitamin E and vitamin B1 Gengnianshu tablets nourish liver and kidney, nourish yin and blood, remove blood stasis, regulate menstruation, regulate temperature, kidney, nourish nerves and regulate metabolism. For menoxenia, dizziness, palpitation, insomnia caused by climacteric disorder, oryzanol and vitamin B6 Gengnianling capsule are used to warm kidney, benefit yin and tonify yin and yang. The capsule (tablet) of oryzanol, vitamin B6 and vitamin B1 Yujinfang, which is used for women with climacteric syndrome of deficiency of both yin and yang, can tonify primordial qi, nourish liver and kidney, and regulate qi and blood. Indications: palpitation and thoracic obstruction caused by deficiency of vital energy and deficiency of liver and kidney. It can be used for treating coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, asthenia, senile plaque and premature senility, including procaine hydrochloride, benzoic acid, potassium sulfite, vitamin B1, vitamin E, dicalcium phosphate and vitamin C.

hypotensor

The name and efficacy contain western medicine ingredients, Zhenju Jiangya Tablet, to lower blood pressure. Clonidine hydrochloride for hypertension and hydrochlorothiazide for lowering blood pressure and avoiding wind tablets for clearing heat and calming liver, and hydrochlorothiazide for headache and dizziness caused by excessive liver and gallbladder fire.

Digestive medication

Compound Tianqi weitong tablet (capsule) contains western medicine ingredients, which can make acid and relieve pain, regulate qi and remove blood stasis, warm the middle warmer and strengthen the spleen, and stop bleeding. It can be used for treating hyperacidity, epigastric pain, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer and chronic gastritis. Magnesium oxide and sodium bicarbonate Shenqu Weitong tablets (capsules) can relieve pain, promote granulation, regulate qi, strengthen spleen and promote digestion. It can be use for treating hyperacidity, stomachache, dyspepsia, and anorexia. compound Chenxiangwei tablet of aluminum hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate can promote qi circulation, regulate stomach, stop acid and relieve pain. It can be used for treating epigastric pain due to qi stagnation, abdominal distension, belching and acid swallowing, and gastric and duodenal ulcers and chronic gastritis with the above symptoms. Sodium bicarbonate, heavy magnesium carbonate and aluminum hydroxide Zhenhuangwei tablets are fragrant and invigorating the stomach, promoting qi circulation and relieving pain, stopping bleeding and promoting granulation. It can be used for treating epigastric distension and pain, anorexia and acid regurgitation caused by qi stagnation and blood stasis, dampness and turbidity, and for patients with peptic ulcer and chronic gastritis who see the above symptoms, calcium carbonate Huowei capsule (powder) can regulate qi and stomach, reduce adverse reactions and stop vomiting. It can be used for treating fullness of chest and ribs, epigastric pain, dysphoria, vomiting, acid swallowing, dyspepsia, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate Weining powder (Xintong oral liquid) and stomach pain caused by liver depression and spleen-stomach disharmony. It can be used for treating digestive tract ulcer with sodium bicarbonate and magnesium trisilicate Compound Houtou Granule for flatulence, abdominal pain and dyspepsia. Used for gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, chronic gastritis, aluminum sulfate, bismuth subnitrate, and magnesium trisilicate Kuiyangning tablets to make acid, relieve spasm, relieve pain, stop bleeding, adjust gastrointestinal function, and promote the healing of ulcer surface. For gastric and duodenal ulcer, vitamin U, atropine sulfate, hydrochlorothiazide and procaine hydrochloride Guhaisheng tablets are used to invigorate qi and spleen, promote qi circulation and relieve pain, promote blood circulation and regulate muscles.Furazolidone, sodium carbenoxolone and berberine hydrochloride tablets are used for clearing away heat and toxic materials, resisting bacteria and stopping dysentery, which are caused by spleen deficiency, qi stagnation and blood stasis. For acute dysentery, enteritis and diarrhea with damp-heat syndrome, trimethoprim Xiaoyan Zhililing tablets have the functions of clearing heat, eliminating dampness, resisting bacteria and diminishing inflammation. It can be used for clearing away heat and cooling blood, strengthening spleen and regulating stomach, and relieving acid and pain. It can be used for stomach heat burning, epigastric pain, nausea and acid swallowing, anorexia and fatigue, chronic gastritis, and gastric and duodenal ulcer. Bismuth nitrate, magnesium oxide, and aluminum hydroxide Chen Xiang Lu Bailu tablets can strengthen the stomach, regulate qi and relieve pain. It can be used for treating gastric ulcer, erosive gastritis, hyperacidity, acute and chronic gastritis, gastrointestinal neurosis and duodenitis, etc. Sodium bicarbonate, bismuth subnitrate, magnesium oxide and magnesium carbonate.

Diabetics

The product name and efficacy contain western medicine ingredients, such as Xiaoke Pill, nourishing kidney and yin, benefiting qi and producing essence. It can be used for diabetes with deficiency of both qi and blood (non-insulin-dependent diabetes). Symptoms include thirst, polydipsia, polyphagia, hunger, emaciation, fatigue and weakness, shortness of breath and laziness, etc. Glibenclamide Xiaotangling Capsule has the functions of benefiting qi and nourishing yin, clearing away heat and purging fire, benefiting kidney and reducing urine. Glibenclamide for diabetes mellitus

Antitussive, antiasthmatic and expectorant drugs

Product name and efficacy contain western medicine ingredients, such as Tankejing Powder, dredging orifices and smoothing qi, diminishing inflammation and relieving cough, and promoting expectoration. It can be used for treating cough, excessive phlegm, shortness of breath and asthma caused by acute and chronic bronchitis, pharyngolaryngitis, emphysema, etc. Caffeine Ansou syrup can moisten lung, eliminate phlegm, and relieve cough and asthma. It can be used for clearing away heat and toxic materials, resolving phlegm and relieving cough, such as phlegm-heat blocking lung, shortness of breath, cough with sticky phlegm, thirst and dry throat, ephedrine hydrochloride and ammonium chloride Qingke powder. It can be used for relieving asthma, relieving cough and eliminating phlegm in acute and chronic pharyngolaryngitis caused by phlegm-heat resistance and upper respiratory tract inflammation. Used for relieving cough and eliminating phlegm with chlorphenamine maleate and Clenbuterol Iulian Rosu Kepipa syrup for acute and chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma. Used for eliminating phlegm and relieving cough with ammonium chloride sufeike syrup for bronchitis caused by common cold. Ephedrine hydrochloride and ammonium chloride shufei syrup can be used for relieving cough and phlegm due to cough, asthma, excessive phlegm and bronchitis. It can be used for relieving asthma, eliminating phlegm, tranquilizing and relieving cough in acute and chronic bronchitis. It can be used for relieving asthma, eliminating phlegm, relieving cough and diminishing inflammation with chlorphenamine hydrochloride and decloxizine Qing ‘an Chuanding hydrochloride tablets for bronchial asthma and chronic tracheitis. Clenbuterol Kechuan Plaster is used for relieving cough and asthma, promoting diuresis and eliminating phlegm for chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma. It can be used for clearing away lung-heat, relieving cough and relieving asthma, such as simple chronic tracheitis, asthmatic chronic tracheitis and asthma (except those caused by heart). It can be used for relieving cough, resolving phlegm and relieving asthma with ephedrine hydrochloride and ammonium chloride Tianyi Zhike syrup.Ephedrine hydrochloride and ammonium chloride mango Zhike tablet are used for treating common cold, cough, excessive phlegm, bronchial asthma and other diseases. Used for cough, asthma and phlegm. Chlorphenamine Hydrochloride Ketanqing Tablets can clear lung-heat, eliminate phlegm, relieve cough and asthma. Ephedrine hydrochloride and ammonium chloride Huatan Pingchuan tablets are used for clearing away heat and phlegm, relieving cough and asthma. It can be used for treating acute and chronic tracheitis, emphysema, cough with excessive phlegm, and asthma with chest fullness, warming kidney, absorbing qi, resolving phlegm and relieving asthma. Can be used for treating chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma and emphysema, and is especially suitable for relieving cough and phlegm with clenbuterol Zhenkening syrup for asthmatic bronchitis. Ephedrine hydrochloride and antimony potassium tartrate Xiaokening tablets are used for relieving cough and eliminating phlegm for colds, cough, bronchitis and asthma. It can be used for relieving cough, eliminating phlegm, relieving asthma and diminishing inflammation with ephedrine hydrochloride and calcium carbonate Keteling tablets (capsules). Used for relieving cough and chronic bronchitis, chlorphenamine maleate xiaotanke tablet can clear away heat, eliminate phlegm, and relieve cough and asthma. It can be used for relieving cough and expectoration, dispersing lung qi and relieving asthma in acute and chronic bronchitis with phlegm-heat syndrome, or with symptoms of wheezing, such as ipratropium hydrochloride, trimethoprim and sulfanilamide Anchuan tablets. It can be used for treating phlegm invading the lung, lung failure, chest distress, cough, wheezing, excessive phlegm, acute and chronic bronchitis with the above symptoms, such as chlorpheniramine maleate, clenbuterol, qigong tablet, tonifying kidney, invigorating qi, promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, relieving cough and eliminating phlegm. It can be used for treating lung and kidney deficiency, phlegm obstructing lung, chest distress, dyspnea, cough with excessive phlegm, soreness of waist and knees, chronic tracheitis and obstructive emphysema. Clentro

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular drugs

The name and efficacy of Zhijiangning tablets contain western medicine ingredients, such as activating qi and removing blood stasis, promoting blood circulation and dredging collaterals, benefiting essence and blood, and reducing blood fat. For chest pain, dizziness, tinnitus, numbness of limbs, hyperlipidemia or hyperlipidemia complicated with hypertension, coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis, etc. Vitamin C and aluminum clofibrate Guantong tablets can increase coronary blood flow, reduce coronary artery resistance, reduce myocardial oxygen consumption, and lower blood pressure. For coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, hypertension and other diseases, vitamin C and Maijunan tablets of isodeoxycholic acid can calm the liver, calm the wind, relieve muscle and relieve pain. It can be used for treating hypertension, headache, dizziness, neck pain, insomnia, palpitation, coronary heart disease, etc. Hydrochlorothiazide Mailuotong Granule can invigorate qi and promote blood circulation, remove blood stasis and relieve pain. It can be used for chest pain, chest distress, shortness of breath, headache, dizziness and angina pectoris of coronary heart disease caused by chest obstruction, as well as limb numbness and hemiplegia caused by stroke. Vitamin C and sodium bicarbonate compound Wurenchun capsule can clear away heat and promote gallbladder function, calm the liver and nourish blood, and reduce alanine aminotransferase. It can be used for treating persistent and chronic hepatitis with calcium carbonate, gallbladder nourishing, soothing liver, relieving pain, clearing away heat and promoting gallbladder function. Sodium cholate can be used for treating acute and chronic cholecystitis, biliary tract infection, gallbladder and biliary calculus.

Drugs for regulating qi and blood

The efficacy of Xinxuebao capsule contains western medicine ingredients, such as enriching blood and benefiting qi, strengthening spleen and regulating stomach. It can be used for gastrointestinal bleeding, hemorrhoid bleeding and menorrhagia, especially for iron deficiency anemia caused by pregnancy and partial eclipse, such as soothing liver, regulating qi, nourishing blood and regulating menstruation. Calcium carbonate for treating symptoms such as liver depression and blood deficiency, irregular menstruation, menstrual abdominal pain, amenorrhea, etc.

Drug use in five sense organs

The name and efficacy of nasal comfort tablets contain western medicine ingredients, which can clear away heat, diminish inflammation and induce resuscitation. It can be used to treat sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, headache, allergic rhinitis and chronic sinusitis caused by chronic rhinitis. Chlorphenamine maleate Biyankang tablet has the functions of clearing away heat and toxic materials, dispersing lung qi, dredging orifices, relieving swelling and pain. Used for acute and chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, etc. Chlorphenamine Maleate Kangle Biyan Tablet has the functions of dispelling wind, clearing heat, promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, eliminating dampness and inducing resuscitation. It can be used for clearing away heat and toxic materials, dispelling wind and inducing resuscitation, and treating colds, stuffy nose, and nasosinusitis (acute and chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, and sinusitis) caused by exogenous pathogenic wind, stagnation of heat in gallbladder channels, and damp heat in spleen and stomach. It can be used for treating allergic rhinitis, chronic simple rhinitis, headache, stuffy nose and runny nose caused by wind-heat accumulation.

Pediatric medication

Product name and efficacy contain western medicine ingredients. Xiaoer antipyretic suppository has antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used for strengthening spleen, promoting digestion and stopping diarrhea in children with fever such as common cold and upper respiratory tract infection. It can be used for treating dyspepsia, indigestion, abdominal pain and diarrhea, and compound sodium bicarbonate powder for expelling worms and resolving food stagnation. Levamisole Hydrochloride Linjiang Wind Medicine for Children Ascariasis has the functions of dispelling wind and clearing heat, inducing resuscitation and eliminating phlegm, calming the liver and calming the wind, and relieving static spasm. For children with acute and chronic convulsion; Syndrome of exterior-interior excess heat, such as excessive phlegm-heat and limb twitching, can strengthen the muscles and bones of acetaminophen Longmuzhuanggu Granule, regulate the stomach and strengthen the spleen. Can be used for treating and preventing rickets and rickets in children; It also has therapeutic effects on hyperhidrosis, night terrors, anorexia, dyspepsia, and developmental retardation in children. Vitamin D2 and calcium gluconate Xiaoer Zhike syrup can eliminate phlegm and relieve cough. Used for cough caused by children’s cold, ammonium chloride compound infantile antipyretic suppository has antipyretic and analgesic effects, sore throat and detoxification, expectorant and sedative effects. Acetaminophen is used for children with fever, upper respiratory tract infection, bronchitis, palpitation, sore throat and cough due to lung heat and phlegm.

for external use

The efficacy of Kecuoyintong cream containing western medicine ingredients inhibits the secretion of sebaceous glands and the growth of acne bacilli. It is used for clearing away heat and dampness, removing putrefaction and promoting granulation with trimethoprim, vitamin A and vitamin E Kun Jing suppository for blackheads, whiteheads and pustules. For vaginitis, cervical erosion, cervicitis, etc. with damp-heat downward flow, Furazolidone Penyan Qingshuan has the functions of clearing away heat and toxic materials, promoting blood circulation and dredging menstruation, and relieving swelling and pain. It can be used for toxic blood stasis, abdominal distension and pain, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, and excessive leucorrhea. As well as pelvic inflammatory disease and adnexitis, indomethacin centipede zhuifeng ointment can detoxify and promote granulation, reduce swelling and relieve pain. It can be used for treating malignant sores, carbuncle, carbuncle, carbuncle, carbuncle, scrofula, mastitis, and diphenhydramine hydrochloride wound, and can be applied to stop bleeding, diminish inflammation and heal wounds. Calcium oxide, furacilin and ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate for small-area surgical trauma. Musk ointment for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis has the functions of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, diminishing inflammation and relieving pain. It can be used for joint sprain, soft tissue contusion, acute lumbar sprain, lumbar muscle strain, scapulohumeral periarthritis, unhealed chilblain, erythema nodosum diphenhydramine hydrochloride and procaine hydrochloride for expelling wind, relieving itching, moisturizing and killing insects. Benzoic acid and salicylic acid Jinguning ointment are used for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, relieving swelling and pain, relaxing tendons and activating collaterals for tinea manus, tinea pedis, tinea cruris and tinea corporis. Used for stopping bleeding, relieving pain, diminishing inflammation, detoxicating and astringing with methyl salicylate and diphenhydramine hydrochloride Huazhi suppository for closed fracture and traumatic injury. It is use for promoting blood circulation, remove blood stasis, and relieving swelling and pain. It can be used for relieving inflammation and inducing resuscitation of functional disorder caused by hyperosteogeny, soft tissue injury and swelling and pain caused by Kaschin-Beck disease.Used for sterilization, anti-inflammation and antisepsis of ephedrine hydrochloride and diphenhydramine hydrochloride Laner powder for allergic rhinitis, acute and chronic rhinitis and sinusitis. For ear swelling, pus discharge, ear rot, ear bottom ulcer, zinc oxide, sulfadiazine and hafuron powder sterilization, anti-inflammatory, astringent and analgesic. It can be used for ear eczema, otitis externa and traumatic hemorrhage to relax bronchi with nitrofurazone Zhikeling aerosol. It can be used to treat bronchial asthma, asthmatic bronchitis and other symptoms, and clenbuterol powder can remove stagnation and blood stasis. Berberine and riboflavin for senile cataract and corneal nebula.

Other drugs

The product name and efficacy contain western medicine ingredients Xiaozhiling injection to astringe and stop bleeding. It can be used for internal hemorrhoid bleeding, internal hemorrhoid at various stages and varicose mixed hemorrhoid injection Yaoxitong Capsule to relax tendons and activate collaterals, remove blood stasis and relieve pain, and promote blood circulation and dispel wind. It can be use for treating rheumatic arthritis, hypertrophic lumbar spondylitis, hypertrophic thoracic spondylitis, cervical spondylitis, sciatica, and lumbar muscle strain, and has effect in clearing away heat and toxic materials, promoting blood circulation, remove blood stasis, relieving swelling and pain. Indomethacin Qianglikang Granule can be used to strengthen the body resistance and strengthen the body, such as throat tumor, toothache, hypochondriac pain, jaundice, nameless swelling caused by heat toxin and blood stasis. Vitamin E is used for various tumors during radiotherapy and chemotherapy, acute and chronic hepatitis, leukopenia and chronic diseases.

Source: Drug circle network users finishing

Original title: "Chaoquan: 110 kinds of Chinese patent medicines containing western medicine! (Schedule) "

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　　[Editor’s Note] Although patent standardization can promote innovation, improve efficiency, reduce consumers’ adaptation costs and eliminate international trade barriers, it also greatly enhances the position of standardization organization participants in patent licensing negotiations, leading them to demand unfair, unreasonable and discriminatory patent licensing fees from standard users, namely patent licensees. Therefore, the patent system needs to fully consider the connection with the standard, and further improve the patent system related to the standard, especially the patent licensing fee system. This paper analyzes the system related to the standard-related essential patent in combination with the legal application of the US court and the China court in the cases of Microsoft v. Motorola and Huawei v. American Interactive Digital Company respectively.

　　I. Introduction

　　There is no unified and clear definition of Standards-Essential Patents, SEP) [1]. We believe that if the implementation of technical standards must be based on infringement of patent rights, even if there are other technologies that can be included in the standards, the patent is a necessary patent for relevant technical standards. Standard refers to a normative document that is formulated by consensus and approved by recognized institutions, used together and reused in order to obtain the best order in a certain range [2]. Although patent standardization can promote innovation, improve efficiency, reduce consumers’ adaptation costs and eliminate international trade barriers, it also greatly enhances the position of standardization organization participants in patent licensing negotiations, leading them to demand unfair, unreasonable and discriminatory patent licensing fees from standard users, namely patent licensees.

　　In order to seek a balance between technical standardization for public use and patent protection, ISO in its relevant intellectual property policies not only requires standard participants to disclose the patents they own or actually control to ISO in time, but also requires them to promise to license all standard implementers to use their patents on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms. This is the "FRAND" principle that the patentee of standard essential patent must abide by in the licensing of standard essential patent.

　　Take the European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI) as an example, the 4th.1 of its intellectual property policy stipulates: "During the development of the standards or technical regulations in which it participates, every member shall make reasonable efforts to inform ETSI of its necessary intellectual property rights in time. In particular, members who put forward technical suggestions for standards or technical specifications should draw ETSI’s attention in good faith to any intellectual property rights that may become necessary if their suggestions are adopted. " ETSI’s intellectual property policy 6.1 further stipulates: "If the necessary intellectual property rights related to a specific standard or technical specification have attracted ETSI’s attention, ETSI’s director-general shall immediately require the necessary intellectual property owner to make a written commitment within three months, and at least within the following scope, it is ready to grant an irrevocable use license under fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory conditions; Manufacturing, non-manufacturing or OEM are used to manufacture customized components or subsystems that meet the licensee’s own design standards; Sell, lease or otherwise dispose of the equipment manufactured in the above manner; Maintenance, use or operation of the above equipment; How to use it. "

　　However, the standardization organization has not made any provisions or expressed any opinions on how to judge the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard, which leads to difficulties. In April, 2013 and October, 2013, the US court and the China court respectively expressed their opinions on how to judge the FRAND standard essential patent license fee in the cases of Microsoft v. Motorola and Huawei v. American Interactive Digital Company. However, due to the differences in the cultural background and legal accumulation of the judges of the two countries, the judgments of the two countries have their own characteristics and show great differences. [3] Based on the judgments of the above two cases, this paper makes a comparative study on several issues related to the calculation of essential patent royalties of FRAND standard, and draws some possible beneficial conclusions on this basis.

　　Second, the FRAND standard essential patent related system policy considerations

　　In the case of Huawei v. Interactive Digital Corporation of America, in order to evaluate the standard necessary patent license fees in line with the FRAND principle, the courts of first and second instance mainly considered the following three policy factors: total control, anti-patent hijacking and anti-patent license fee stacking. The first is total control, which means that the license fee of standard essential patent cannot exceed a certain proportion of the product profit of standard essential patent users. The courts of first and second instance of Huawei case held that technology, investment, management and labor jointly created product profits, and patented technology only created one factor of product profits. Therefore, the license fee required by the patentee should not exceed the total profit of users’ products in any case, otherwise, the license fee cannot be considered as conforming to the FRAND principle. The second is anti-patent hijacking. Patent hijacking refers to the ability of the patentee to claim more than the value of the patented technology itself and the ability to try to grab the value of the technical standard or regulation itself. In the judgment of Huawei v. American Interactive Digital Company, the courts of first instance and second instance did not explicitly use the concept of "anti-patent hijacking", but both courts held that the patentee of standard necessity should not profit from the standard itself, and its contribution lies in innovative technology rather than the standardization of its patent. That is to say, the two courts actually think that the necessary patent license fee should prevent the occurrence of patent hijacking. The third is Anti-Royalty Stacking.Stacking of patent license fees refers to the phenomenon that the licensee pays many different standard essential patentees over the license fees for one standard. Huawei’s courts of first and second instance both hold that a standard or technical specification contains many standard essential patents, and any standard essential patentee can only get the license fee due to him.

　　Different from the judgment of Huawei v. American Interactive Digital Company, the judge of Microsoft v. Motorola clearly used the concepts of anti-patent hijacking and anti-patent license fee stacking in addition to the above three policies, and also considered the following two policy factors. First, the necessary patent licensing fees of FRAND standards should be maintained at a level that can promote the wide adoption of standards, which is also the main purpose of ISO [4]. Second, the method of determining the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard should ensure that valuable patents can get reasonable royalties in order to establish truly valuable standards, which is also one of the goals of ISO [5].

　　Comparatively speaking, the judge in the case of Microsoft v. Motorola has considered the policy factors involved in the calculation of FRAND standard essential patent license fees more comprehensively, which is conducive to better balancing the interests of standard essential patentees, standard users and social public interests. In this regard, as stated in the judgment of Microsoft case, if the standard essential patent license fee is too high, although not using ISO standards may mean huge market entry barriers for market participants, if the standard essential patent license fee is higher than the cost for market participants to overcome market entry barriers, market participants will choose not to adopt ISO standards, which is very unfavorable for the popularization and application of standards. On the other hand, the creation of valuable standards is of great benefit to the whole society, but valuable standards depend on valuable technology. After the valuable technology is included in the standard, the patentee will lose the basic incentive to participate in the standardization organization if he can’t get reasonable and sufficient royalties, or even get less royalties than before being included in the standard. Of course, there are many necessary patents in a standard, but the technical content and contribution rate of each patent cannot be completely consistent. How to ensure that patents with more technical content and greater contribution to the standard get more royalties is also a problem that FRAND principle must consider. It is a great pity that the policy considerations in the first and second judgments of Huawei v. American Interactive Digital Company failed to involve the above two extremely important factors.

　　Most importantly, when determining the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard, the first-instance and second-instance judgments of Huawei v. American Interactive Digital Company considered the above three policy factors, but they were limited to general analysis, and this general analysis was not further applied to the specific analysis of the case. For example, the judgments in the first and second instance of Huawei case did not examine how many standard essential patents existed in WCDMA, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA and other standards involved, how many of these standard essential patents belonged to China standard essential patents, how many of these standard essential patents belonged to American Interactive Digital Company, and what specific standards were involved in the China standard essential patents of Interactive Digital Company. The judgments in the first and second instance of Huawei case also failed to examine the contribution of China standard essential patents of American Interactive Digital Company to relevant specific standards, which products of Huawei used these China standard essential patents of American Interactive Digital Company, and what contribution these standard essential patents of American Interactive Digital Company made to Huawei products. Although it is difficult to investigate and analyze these factors, the courts of first and second instance of Huawei case have to face them because these factors are closely related to whether the patent license fee demanded by American Interactive Digital Company constitutes patent hijacking and patent royalty stacking.

　　Different from Huawei’s first-instance and second-instance judgments, Microsoft’s judgment solved the above problems as much as possible despite great difficulties. The Microsoft case first determined that Motorola had the necessary patents in H.264 and 802.11 standards. In order to establish the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard related to H.264 standard, the Microsoft case first analyzes the development background and technical context of H.264 standard, including the development time of the standard, the technical characteristics and level of the standard itself, patents related to the standard, and Motorola’s contribution in the development and establishment of the standard. Secondly, the contribution of Motorola patent to H.264 standard is analyzed. The Microsoft case first identified six patent families that Motorola is necessary for H.264 standard, and then analyzed the contribution of each patent family to H.264 in detail. Thirdly, the Microsoft case judgment analyzes the contribution of Motorola patents to Microsoft products. The Microsoft case first determines that Microsoft’s products using H.264 include Windows, Xbox, Silverlight, Zune, Lync and Skype, and then reviews the contribution of each patent family of Motorola to each of the above products.

　　In order to establish the license fee of FRAND standard essential patents related to the 802.11 standard, the Microsoft case first examines the development history of the standard, and then reviews the relative technical value of different parts of the 802.11 standard, covering the number of all patents of the 802.11 standard, the number of Motorola patents in the 802.11 standard, the number (11) of Microsoft’s use of Motorola 802.11 standard essential patents and products, and the impact of Motorola’s 11 standard essential patents on 8001.

　　Third, the economic analysis of FRAND standard essential patent related system

　　Next, the specific method of calculating the standard necessary patent license fee is analyzed. In the case of Huawei v. Interactive Digital Corporation of America, neither Huawei as plaintiff nor Interactive Digital Corporation of America as defendant put forward a specific method to calculate the standard and necessary patent license fee in accordance with the FRAND principle. The calculation method adopted in the judgments of first instance and second instance is the comparison method. The so-called comparison method, according to the understanding of the court of second instance of Huawei case, means that the standard essential patent holder should charge the standard essential patent implementer basically the same license fee or adopt basically the same license fee under the condition of basically the same transaction conditions. Under basically the same trading conditions, if the standard essential patentee gives a licensee a lower license fee and gives another licensee a higher license fee, by comparison, the latter has reason to think that it has been discriminated against, so the standard essential patentee violates the promise of non-discriminatory use license. In order to carry out the above comparison method, the first and second judgments of Huawei case selected the standard essential patent license fee granted by American Interactive Digital Company to Apple as the reference object, and therefore determined that the standard essential patent license fee granted by American Interactive Digital Company to Huawei should be roughly the same as that granted to Apple.

　　The so-called choice of the standard necessary patent license fee given by Interactive Digital Company to Apple in the first and second judgments of Huawei case is mainly based on the following two aspects of evidence: First, a statistical and analytical report by the world-renowned analysis company STRATEGY ANALYTICS Inc In this report, STRATEGY ANALYTICS Inc counts and analyzes the shipments, market share, net sales and operating income of several famous global mobile phone providers from 2007 to 2012. Nokia, Samsung, Apple, LG Electronics, RIM, Motorola, HTC and Sony are all on its analysis list, but Huawei is not on its analysis list. According to the analysis report and forecast, Apple’s sales from 2007 to 2012 were about $300 billion, and Samsung’s net sales were about $209.751 billion. Second, in the third quarter of 2007, Interactive Digital signed a global, non-transferable, non-exclusive patent licensing agreement with a fixed license fee with a license period of seven years from June 29th, 2007. The licensed patent portfolio covers the then IPHONE and some future mobile phone technologies. In 2009, Interactive Digital signed a patent licensing agreement with Samsung and its subsidiaries.Grant Samsung a non-exclusive fixed patent license fee for terminal equipment and infrastructure under 2G and 3G standards worldwide, with the license period ending in 2012. However, the difference between the licensing agreement signed by American Interactive Digital Company and Samsung Company and the licensing agreement signed with Apple Company is that the former is a voluntary licensing agreement reached through equal consultation, while the latter is a licensing agreement that Samsung Company was forced to sign when American Interactive Digital Company filed a lawsuit. The meaning of the first-instance and second-instance judgments in Huawei case is very obvious. That is to say, the license granted by American Interactive Digital Company to Apple is voluntary, so it conforms to the FRAND principle, while the license granted to Samsung is very likely involuntary, so it does not conform to the FRAND principle. Therefore, the license fee of the former can only be used as a reference for the calculation of the necessary patent license fee of the FRAND standard in this case.

　　Although the comparison method is a simple and easy method, it is very necessary to list all the elements of the compared object as much as possible in order to obtain a more reliable comparison conclusion. It is a great pity that although the judgments of the first and second instance of Huawei case put forward the premise of "roughly the same trading conditions", they did not tell people what the "trading conditions" referred to here are and what the "trading conditions are the same" referred to here from the perspectives of evidence and legal reasons. By comparison, the court finally determined that American Interactive Digital Company should pay Huawei the China standard necessary patent license fee. The only possible evidence is that from 2007 to 2012, Apple’s net sales exceeded Huawei’s net sales of mobile phones. However, even so, the standard necessary patent license fee that American Interactive Digital Company hopes to obtain from Huawei in its last offer is calculated according to the sales of Huawei’s final mobile phone products, and the term is from 2009 to 2016. In this way, in order to make a scientific comparison, the courts of first and second instance of Huawei case should at least investigate and estimate Huawei’s net sales from 2009 to 2016, or the net sales from 2007 to 2012 in the same period as Apple. Regrettably, the judgments in the first and second instance of Huawei case did not touch on this issue. Under the condition that the minor premise of comparison and reasoning has not been solved, it is debatable whether the comparison conclusion is scientific or not. Besides,When the courts of first and second instance of Huawei case used the standard necessary patent license fee given to Apple by American Interactive Digital Company as a reference, they did not examine whether the license fee was in line with the core value pursued by FRAND, that is, to promote the entry of valuable technologies and the standard itself was widely adopted. If the answer is no, whether the judgment conclusion obtained by comparison can stand is also a question worthy of further consideration.

　　In the case of Microsoft v Motorola, Microsoft, as plaintiff, and Motorola, as defendant, respectively put forward their own methods to calculate the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard. The method proposed by Microsoft is "Incremental value approach". This method pays attention to the situation before the standard is adopted and implemented. The specific operation method is: in order to calculate the economic value of the patented technology included in the standard, we can compare other alternative technologies that can be included in the standard and calculate the specific value of the alternative technology, so as to obtain the value of the patented technology necessary for the standard. The Microsoft case court did not adopt this method proposed by Microsoft. The reason of the court is that this method is not practical. Even so, the Microsoft case court still held that the FRAND royalty must evaluate the value of the patented technology itself, which needs to consider the importance and contribution of the patent to the standard, so comparing the value of the patented technology with the alternative technology that can be included in the standard by the standardization organization can be used as a reference when determining the FRAND royalty. The method proposed by Motorola is a hypothetical bilateral negotiation method. Motorola claims that the authorization conditions of FRAND can be determined by simulating hypothetical bilateral negotiation under the obligation of FRAND authorization.

　　In principle, the Microsoft case adopts the hypothetical bilateral negotiation method, but it has been revised. The reason why the judgment in Microsoft case supports this method is mainly based on the following reasons: the hypothetical negotiation method is supported by authorized negotiation in the real world, and previous courts have made judgments by using this method. In the case of Georgia-Pacific Corp. V. United States Plywood Corp., (318 F. Supp. 1116 (1970)), the court simulated hypothetical bilateral negotiations to determine reasonable royalties through 15 analytical factors, and gained rich experience. When the court simulates a hypothetical bilateral agreement under the obligation of FRAND authorization, it should logically come to the standard necessary patent royalties that both parties consider to be FRAND.

　　However, the Microsoft case judgment did not simply copy the 15-factor analysis method proposed by Georgia-Pacifico judgment. The reasons include: First, the standard necessary patentee must grant the patent under the FRAND authorization conditions, while the patentee who has not assumed the same obligation has complete exclusive rights and can choose not to grant the patent. Second, hypothetical negotiation will hardly take place in a vacuum, and standard users will inevitably realize that there are many different essential patentees and their standard essential patents in the standard. Just because they are authorized by a single standard essential patentee does not mean that the standard can be implemented. On the basis of criticizing and absorbing the above two methods put forward by the original defendant, and on the basis of Georgia-Pacific15 analysis factors, the Microsoft case judgment puts forward a revised hypothetical negotiation method. At the same time, on the issue of patent hijacking, the negotiating parties will investigate the reasonable royalty ratio of FRAND authorization commitment according to the contribution of patent technology to standard technical capability and the contribution of standard technical capability to standard users and products using standards. In this way, an essential patent that is extremely important and key to the standard can reasonably require a higher royalty ratio than a less important essential patent. As for the stack of patent fees, the negotiating parties will consider the existence of other standard essential patentees, and each standard essential patentee will claim the patent fee according to the importance of its patent to the standard and the product of the standard implementer, and reach the royalty ratio on this basis. Finally,Under the condition of FRAND commitment, the rational negotiation parties seeking a reasonable royalty ratio will consider the fact that in order to promote the creation of valuable standards, FRAND authorization commitment must ensure that the owner of valuable intellectual property rights obtains a reasonable royalty for the intellectual property rights. Comparatively speaking, Huawei’s judgment basically failed to consider the above analysis factors because it used a relatively simple comparison method, and the rationality of its judgment should be said to have room for further improvement.

　　Four, the FRAND standard necessary patent license fee calculation.

　　So, how exactly to calculate the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard? As mentioned above, the judgment of Huawei case simply obtained the necessary patent license fee of FRAND China standard that American Interactive Digital Company can claim from Huawei by comparison method, and did not see the specific calculation process and the logical process in the calculation process, so there is not much to be discussed in depth. Based on the judgment of Microsoft case, this part analyzes the specific calculation of the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard.

　　During the trial of Microsoft case, both Microsoft and Motorola put forward their own calculation methods that can be used as the ratio comparison of FRAND royalties. The calculation method put forward by Motorola is that 2.25% of the net sales price of Microsoft’s products with Motorola’s standard essential patents, Windows and Xbox, should be used as the royalty ratio of Microsoft’s authorization to use the patent portfolio with H.264 and 802.11 standards. In order to support its claim, Motorola cited one of the above analysis factors in Georgia-Pacific case, and put forward three sets of existing patent licensing agreements as established royalties for reference. However, the judgment of Microsoft case did not adopt the comparison method proposed by Motorola, and thought that the authorization agreement proposed by Motorola had no reference value for the FRAND royalty ratio of this case. The reason is that the license agreement proposed by Motorola is a litigation settlement agreement, and the actual royalty paid in some license agreements is far less than the amount requested in this case. The value proportion of standard essential patents in some license agreements cannot be distinguished, and the standard essential patents involved in some license agreements have passed the protection period. At the same time, the Microsoft judgment holds that even if Motorola’s above-mentioned royalty ratio for calculating its standard essential patents is correct, Motorola’s royalty required for its 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio will obviously cause concern about royalty stacking. Accordingly, the Microsoft case decided that,Motorola’s 2.25% royalty rate related to H.264 and 802.11 standards does not conform to the FRAND principle.

　　The comparison objects proposed by Microsoft include the practical operation methods of two patent pools, one is MPEG LA H.264 patent pool, and the other is Via Licensing 802.11 patent pool, as well as an authorization agreement and a patent authorization evaluation suggestion. Regarding whether the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264 can be used as a reference for the necessary patent royalty ratio of the FRAND standard in this case, the Microsoft judgment gave a positive answer. The reason for the decision in Microsoft case is that FRAND royalties should be in line with the purpose of promoting the widespread adoption of SSOs standards and attracting a wide range of patentees to put their patents into the patent pool, and MPEG LA H.264 patent pool can just achieve the purpose of SSOs. The evidence in this case shows that, on the one hand, when Microsoft, Motorola and other enterprises created the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264, the royalty ratio set was high enough to attract a considerable number of patentees to put their patents into the patent pool; on the other hand, the royalty ratio set was low enough to ensure that enough standard users were willing to use the patented technology in the H.264 standard instead of alternative technology. This approach coincides with the basic principles of FRAND’s authorization commitment. In addition, the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264 also echoes another basic principle of FRAND’s authorization commitment, that is, to create valuable standard technologies.

　　Then, how did the Microsoft case judge calculate the necessary patent fees of FRAND standard related to H.264 standard that Motorola should obtain? According to the Microsoft case, Motorola’s royalty from the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264 includes two parts. Part of it is the appropriate royalty that should be allocated according to the number of patents from the royalties obtained from the patent pool as a member of the patent pool. The other part is the value of Motorola’s unrestricted access to a large number of technologies contained in the patent pool, that is, the royalties that should be obtained from the unrestricted internal cross-licensing of patent pool members, or the identity value of Motorola as a member of the patent pool. Regarding the former part of the royalties, the Microsoft case decided that according to the total amount of royalties obtained from the external license of the MPEG LA H.264 patent pool and the number of standard necessary patents of Motorola in the patent pool, the royalties that Motorola should receive were 0.185 cents for each product of Microsoft. Regarding the latter part of the royalties, that is, the identity value of Motorola as a member of the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264, the only relevant evidence in this case is that after Microsoft joined the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264, the fees paid to the patent pool were twice as much as the royalties obtained from the patent pool, which shows that the reason why Microsoft joined the patent pool is that it pays more attention to its identity as a member of the patent pool than the royalties that can be obtained from the patent pool. Because of this identity,Microsoft can clear all the obstacles of rights and use the patented technology in the patent pool without restriction. In other words, Microsoft believes that the membership of the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264 is at least equivalent to twice the value of its royalties. On this basis, the judgment in the Microsoft case presumes that, in the absence of other obvious evidence, like Microsoft, Google, the parent company of Motorola, also thinks that its membership in the MPEG LA H.264 patent pool is equivalent to providing it with twice the value of the royalties it should get as a licensor. The judgment in the Microsoft case further infers that the sum of the two royalties (0.185+2×0.185) is 0.555 cents, which is the FRAND royalty that Motorola should get from Microsoft for every product that uses Motorola’s standard essential patent. However, this is only the lower limit of FRAND royalty ratio of Motorola’s H.264 standard essential patent portfolio. According to the Microsoft case, in order to prevent the stack of royalties, the upper limit of FRAND royalties must also be calculated. On the basis of comprehensive analysis of all kinds of evidence, the upper limit of Motorola H.264 standard essential patent portfolio rights calculated by Microsoft case is $0.16389 per single product, which is applicable to Microsoft’s Windows and Xbox products.

　　With regard to the patent pool of Via Licensing 802.11, although the judgment in Microsoft case noted that it, like the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264, did not distinguish the technical value of patents in the patent pool, but distributed the royalties equally, which led to its failure to attract patentees and standard implementers, and failed to encourage the wide adoption of the standard of Via Licensing 802.11, because of its certain characteristics, the judgment in Microsoft case held that it could still be used as a reference for FRAND royalty ratio. For example, the patent pool of Via Licensing 802.11 mainly focuses on specific standards and covers the same products with the same end use as the disputed products in this case. In addition, the evidence shows that although the actual operation of the patent pool failed to achieve the purpose of promoting the wide adoption of standards, its establishment still followed this purpose, so the royalty ratio it established can still be used to show what kind of royalty ratio is in line with the FRAND principle in specific industrial activities. On this basis, the Microsoft case decided that the patent pool of Via Licensing 802.11 can be used as a reference for the FRAND royalties of Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio. Based on the same reasoning as the H.264 patent pool, the Microsoft case decided that if Motorola participates in the Via Licensing 802.11 patent pool, it can obtain other value equivalent to twice the royalties collected through the patent pool.

　　The judgment of Microsoft case holds that the parties to hypothetical negotiation will regard the patent pool of Via Licensing 802.11 as a reference for the necessary patent royalties of the 802.11 standard, and determine the FRAND royalties on this basis. In the Microsoft case, Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent has only a small technical value to the 802.11 standard, so in their hypothetical negotiation, Microsoft and Motorola will think that the royalty ratio of 6.114 cents per single product estimated according to the patent pool practice will be higher than the FRAND royalty ratio that Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio should receive.

　　During the trial, Microsoft proposed that the royalty rate paid by Marvell Semiconductor,Inc, a third-party company, for its patents in Wi-Fi chip products could be used as a reference for the FRAND royalty rate of the 802.11 standard essential patents in this case. The judgment of Microsoft case holds that the royalty ratio of the third-party company provides "the usual royalty ratio that can be obtained in a specific commercial field" for this case. Therefore, it is held that 1% of the price of each single chip implementing the 802.11 standard, that is, 3 to 4 cents per single chip, can be used as a reference for the royalty ratio of Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio.

　　The third reference to the FRAND royalty ratio of Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio determined by the Microsoft case judgment is a patent authorization evaluation model developed by Intercap, Inc. in 2003. The Microsoft case decided that the evaluation method of InterCap,Inc conforms to the basic principle of FRAND authorization commitment, because it considers the value of 802.11 standard technical function to the overall product function and the stacking of royalties, so it can be used as a reference for the appropriate FRAND royalty ratio of 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio. However, the judgment of Microsoft case also holds that the evaluation method of InterCap,Inc exaggerates the importance of Motorola’s standard essential patents to the 802.11 standard, so its appropriateness is impaired. In the hypothetical negotiation between Microsoft and Motorola, although the royalty assessed by InterCap,Inc will be used as a reference for FRAND royalty, the royalty ratio will be adjusted to 0.8 to 1.6 cents per single product.

　　According to the above analysis, the judgment of Microsoft case holds that in order to estimate the FRAND royalty ratio, it is reasonable for both parties to hypothetical negotiation to take the average of the above three reference values as the royalty ratio. The specific algorithm is to average the lowest value evaluated by InterCap,Inc at 0.8, and the royalty ratio authorized by Marvel Wi-Fi chips is averaged at the average value within its range of ((3+4)/2)3.5. On this basis, the average value of the three references is calculated to be 3.471 cents ((0.8+3.5+6.114)/3), which is the FRAND royalty ratio reached by Microsoft and Motorola through hypothetical negotiation.

　　Considering the stacking of royalties, the Microsoft case decided to adjust the royalty ratio to 19.5 cents per single product based on the high royalty ratio estimated by Microsoft expert witnesses based on the structure of patent pool Via Licensing 802.11, and take it as the upper limit of the FRAND grant range of Motorola 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio. As for the lower limit of the scope of FRAND grant for Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio, the Microsoft case further holds that the lower limit should be the lowest value of standard essential patent that the standard essential patentee will agree to accept after considering the importance of its related patents to the 802.11 standard and standard user products. Considering the limited evidence in this case, the court found that 0.8 US dollars per single product is the lower limit of FRAND royalty.

　　To sum up, the FRAND royalty rate set in the Microsoft case judgment is: the FRAND royalty rate of Motorola’s H.264 standard essential patent is 0.555 cents per single product, and the upper limit of the FRAND royalty rate range is 16.389 cents per single product, and the lower limit is 0.555 cents. This royalty ratio and scope apply to Microsoft’s Window and Xbox products, and other Microsoft products using H.264 standard apply to the lower royalty ratio of 0.555 cents. The FRAND royalty rate of Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent is 3.471 cents per single product, and the upper limit of the FRAND royalty rate range is 19.5 cents per single product, and the lower limit is 0.8 cents per single product. The royalty rate and scope are applicable to Microsoft’s Xbox products, and other Microsoft products using the 802.11 standard are subject to the lower royalty rate of 0.8 cents. (Peking University International Intellectual Property Research Center Li Yang Liu Ying)

　This article only represents the opinions of experts in the research base and may not be reproduced without permission.

　

　　[Notes]

　　[1] The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines it as "any patent or patent application that may completely or partially cover the draft standard". The American Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) interprets it as the so-called "necessary patent requirements" refers to the patent claims that will be used when implementing the standard clauses (whether mandatory or optional) of a draft standard.

　　[2] Electronic Intellectual Property Editorial Department. 2012 Electronic Intellectual Property Annual News Inventory International Articles [J]. Electronic Intellectual Property. 2013 (issue 1.2).

　　[3] The approximate case of Microsoft case is as follows: On October 21 and 29, 2010, Motorola informed Microsoft in writing that the licensing conditions of its 802.11 standard essential patent and H.264 standard essential patent were 2.25% of the final product price of Microsoft. In November, 2010, Microsoft took the initiative to file a lawsuit with the Federal District Court for the Western District of Washington on the grounds that Motorola’s licensing offer violated its RAND authorization commitment to standardization organizations IEEE and ITU.

　　The general case of Huawei is as follows: Huawei and American IDC are both members of the European Telecommunications Standardization Organization (ETSI). American IDC claims that it has many standard essential patents in the fields of 2G, 3G, 4G and IEEE802. Huawei acknowledges that these necessary patents of IDC have been incorporated into China wireless communication standards, and its products must meet these standards. From September 2008 to August 2012, IDC sent four written authorization offers to Huawei. In the first and second written offers, IDC hopes to obtain royalties from Huawei from 2009 to 2016, which is equivalent to 100 times that of Apple in the United States and 10 times that of Samsung in South Korea in the same period. In the third written offer, IDC hopes to get 35 times as much royalties from Huawei as IDC gave to Apple in the same period. In the fourth written offer, IDC hopes to get royalties from Huawei, which is equivalent to 19 times that of IDC to Apple in the same period. In these four offers, IDC did not make any distinction between standard essential patents and non-standard essential patents. In the fourth offer, IDC made it clear that rejecting any specific terms of the offer meant rejecting the whole offer. In order to force Huawei to accept its offer authorization conditions, in July and September 2011, IDC filed a complaint and prosecution with the US International Trade Commission and the US District Court Delaware respectively, accusing Huawei’s communication products of infringing its patent rights and demanding a ban.It is forbidden to import and sell Huawei products into the United States. In addition, the analysis report provided by Huawei by STRATEGY ANALYTICS, a famous American data survey and analysis company, shows that the company has analyzed the shipments, market share and net sales of the world’s top mobile phone companies from 2007 to 2012. Nokia, Samsung, Apple, LG, RIM, Motorola, HTC and Sony are on its analysis list, but Huawei has not been able to enter the analysis list. Accordingly, Huawei filed a lawsuit in the Shenzhen Intermediate People’s Court in December 2011, accusing IDC of violating the FRAND principle in its four offers, and demanding that IDC grant it the necessary patent license in accordance with the FRAND principle.

　　[4] See Microsoft Corp. V Motorola Inc,No.C10-1823JLR.ORDER-20.

　　[5] See Microsoft Corp. V Motorola Inc,No.C10-1823JLR.ORDER-24.

　　Summer is a good time to eat seafood. Pipi shrimp, razor clam, conch, crab and shrimp are all tempting delicacies. Recently, netizens broke the news that the clams they bought in the seafood market were all boiled with water. After asking friends who made seafood, they discovered the shady situation: soaking in low salinity water can gain weight.

　　On May 28th, the reporter conducted a group of seven-hour field tests in the Wuhan store of Hema. The results showed that 9&permil was adopted; After soaking in low salinity water for seven hours, the weight of razor clam and abalone increased by 29% and 34% respectively.

　　Soaking seafood in low salt will make you "puffy"

　　The pictures taken by netizens on the Weibo were placed with only standard salinity (the standard salinity is 18‰ ) Half of the water (9 & permit; Low salinity water), 2064 grams of razor clam increased to 2854 grams in a few hours.

　　At noon yesterday, the reporter tested 9&permil in Wuhan Box Horse Shouyi Store. After soaking in low salinity water for seven hours, the weight of razor clam and abalone increased by 29% and 34% respectively.

　　Yuan Liang, the person in charge of seafood procurement in Boxma Wuhan, said that this phenomenon is the infiltration principle. The organisms in seawater live in high concentration seawater, and the cell salinity is high. When the salinity is reduced or changed to fresh water, when the external salinity is lower than the cell salinity, the cells will absorb water and the weight of seafood will increase. The longer seafood is cultured in low salinity water, the heavier it will be, and the taste will become dry and tasteless, and it will die more easily than normal seafood.

　　In general, it is soaked in the normal 18‰ Seafood in salinity water environment will slowly discharge the sediment and dirt in the body, and consumers can live for several days when they take it home. Soak in 9 & permit; Seafood in salinity water environment is like being shrouded in smog, which makes it difficult to breathe and absorb water desperately, reduces vitality and has a high mortality rate. Consumers can’t take it home for half a day.

　　Only a few seafood absorbs water.There are obvious changes.

　　Whether the meat behind Boston lobster is exposed is one of the characteristics to judge whether there is "water injection". There must be a "raw food" logo on the salmon packaging. Photo by reporter He Xiaogang

　　In this soaking process, only a few seafood will have obvious changes in appearance characteristics after absorbing water, and we can see the clues by careful observation. "Boston lobster is a kind of seafood with obvious changes. The bloated lobster will be very bloated and the meat behind it will be exposed. After soaking in low salinity water, the vitality of abalone will decrease, and the meat will become soft and have no Q-elastic feeling. Abalone without drinking water will attract each other, and the meat of abalone will feel q-elastic when you click it with your fingers. After the scorpion is soaked in low salinity water, the body will shrink into the carapace, and if it does not stretch, the meat will become soft and the touch will be soft. "

　　Yuan Liang reminded the public to pay attention to whether all kinds of seafood in Shangchao have explicit standards such as salinity and temperature, so as to avoid buying puffy seafood soaked in low salt.

　　Salmon can be eaten raw.

　　As for the salmon that people are concerned about recently, Yuan Liang reminds consumers to try their best to buy those salmon with Norwegian origin and raw packaging qualification. "Now there are many producing areas of salmon in the world, and Norway is the best. The salmon sold by Box Horse is directly harvested from Norway, which can be delivered to China within 72 hours. The whole process of cold and fresh air transportation technology is much better than those salmon that are frozen first and then thawed and shipped to China by sea for one month. Although you can’t see the difference between air and sea salmon with the naked eye, you will know that the feeling of meat quality is obviously different after eating it once. "

　　(Text/Reporter Zhang Yitu/Reporter He Xiaogang)

Friends who have bought things online should know that under normal circumstances, when we buy things online, we often do not pay the money directly to the seller, but to the third-party payment platform. When we confirm the receipt of the goods, the third-party payment platform will pay the money to the seller. With such an intermediate link, our online consumption can be safe. If there is a "ghost" in the third-party payment platform, can our funds be safe? Recently, a Ms. Yang in Jiangsu fell into a "trap" when she recharged the game Q coins.

Guo Yu Han [2011] No.7

　　Language committees of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, language committees of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, language committees of relevant provinces and autonomous regions, relevant institutions of higher learning and relevant scientific research units:

　　With the approval of the Leading Group for Scientific Research Planning of the State Language Commission, the Twelfth Five-Year Scientific Research Plan of the State Language Commission and the 2011 Annual Project Guide of the Twelfth Five-Year Scientific Research Plan of the State Language Commission (hereinafter referred to as the Project Guide) are hereby printed and distributed to you, and the relevant matters concerning the application are notified as follows:

　　First, the application project should focus on the needs of the country’s medium and long-term language reform and development, focus on overall, strategic and forward-looking theoretical and practical problems, accurately grasp the characteristics of the times, enhance pertinence and effectiveness, effectively solve practical problems in language life, and pay attention to social benefits and application value.

　　Two, the name of the major project is the research topic, and the applicant shall not propose, expand and narrow the scope of research at will. Applicants for key projects and general projects can refer to the research fields proposed in the Project Guide and draw up their own project names. The funding standard for major projects this year is 200,000-300,000 yuan, the funding standard for key projects is 80,000-150,000 yuan, and the funding standard for general projects is 50,000-80,000 yuan. Set up self-financing projects.

　　Three, the project management in accordance with the "State Language Committee scientific research project management measures". This year’s project is required to be completed in 1-3 years. Project extension or adjustment personnel must be approved by the Office of the Leading Group for Scientific Research Planning of the State Language Committee.

　　Four, the project applicant through the network to declare, and at the same time fill in the "national language research project application" two copies. Major projects are subject to tender. After the initial evaluation on the Internet, you will wait for the notice to attend the on-site defense in Beijing. If you don’t attend the defense, you will be deemed to have given up. Other projects implement the initial evaluation of peer expert network and the centralized re-evaluation of expert meetings. The initial evaluation is anonymous. Re-evaluation focuses on the previous research foundation and research ability.

　　Five, the person in charge of the project can only declare one project in the same year. In principle, the person in charge of the project of the State Language Committee under study shall not declare new projects. It is not supported that researchers who have more than two projects under research from other sources declare the planned projects of the State Language Committee again. The completion of the above-mentioned projects shall be based on the time indicated in the completion certificate, and a copy of the completion certificate shall be provided.

　　Six, the project applicant shall truthfully fill in the application materials, and ensure that there is no intellectual property dispute. Anyone who practices fraud, once discovered and verified, will be disqualified from reporting for three years. If the project has been approved, all items will be withdrawn, and the management responsibility of the applicant’s unit will be investigated.

　　Seven, the State Language Committee scientific research projects to implement the credit management system. The project undertaker should fulfill its promise and ensure its credibility. The person in charge of the approved project shall abide by the provisions, fulfill the agreed obligations and complete the research task on schedule during the project implementation. If there is a bad credit record, the project leader shall not apply for a new project within 3 years.

　　Eight, the project review adhere to fairness and justice, where the declaration of the project experts must avoid the project review. Quality is the first in project evaluation, and quality is better than quantity. The results of expert review shall be reported to the Office of the Leading Group for Scientific Research Planning of the State Language Committee, publicized after examination and approval, and issued a notice of project establishment and allocated project funds after no objection.

　　9. All materials required for project application can be downloaded from the Scientific Research Network of the State Language Committee (website: http://www.ywky.org). Paper materials in duplicate shall be submitted to the office of the leading group for scientific research planning of the State Language Committee by the scientific research management department of the unit where they belong after being examined and sealed by the unit. To ensure the consistency of electronic declaration data and paper declaration data.

　　Ten, this year’s project acceptance declaration time from April 15th, 2011 to May 31st, overdue will not be accepted. Office of the Leading Group for Scientific Research Planning of the State Language Commission Tel: 010-66096726; Postal code: 100816; Mailing address: Planning Coordination Office, Language Information Management Department, Ministry of Education, No.35 Damucang Hutong, Xidan, Beijing.

　　Eleven, this notice will be published on the website of the Ministry of Education, China language network.

　　Attachment: 1. The 12th Five-Year Scientific Research Plan of the State Language Commission.

　　2. National Language Committee’s "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" 2011 Project Guide

　　3. Measures for the Administration of Scientific Research Projects of the State Language Commission (revised in 2011)

State Language Commission

April 2011

　　Attachment 1:

The 12th Five-Year Scientific Research Plan of the State Language Commission

　　This plan is formulated according to the spirit of the Outline of the Medium-and Long-term Reform and Development Plan for the National Language and Literature Industry (2010-2020) and the needs of the current development of the language and literature industry.

　　I. Review of Scientific Research Work of the State Language Committee in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan

　　During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents, the State Language Committee thoroughly implemented Scientific Outlook on Development, followed the pace of the times and paid attention to the social language life, and completed more than 170 research projects on language and writing, which achieved fruitful results.

　　(A) the national language strategy research has made new strides.The research plan of language development strategy has been formulated, and research institutions such as China Language Strategy Research Center, Overseas Chinese Research Center and China Foreign Language Strategy Research Center have been established to conduct research on major language issues in time, which has provided strong scientific support for the formulation of national language strategy and language policy.

　　(2) New progress has been made in the standardization of language and writing.Completed the development of "Standard Chinese Character List" and publicly solicited opinions. Nearly 20 language standards have been published, which have played an important role in social language life. A number of guiding norms have been issued in the form of "China Green Book on Language Life". The formulation of international standards for Chinese characters and minority languages has been further strengthened.

　　(C) The language proficiency evaluation system is taking shape.The computer-aided Putonghua proficiency test was further promoted, and the standards for the application level test of Chinese characters were formulated and published, and the application level test of Chinese characters was started. The evaluation system of the national common language application ability is being established to meet the needs of the national common language education and the labor access system of various industries.

　　(4) Significant progress has been made in the construction of basic language and writing projects.Carry out the pilot work of building an audio database of Chinese language resources and explore effective ways to preserve and develop language resources. Construction of dynamic circulation corpora such as print media language, audio media language and network media language, as well as corpus of educational materials. The informationization of government affairs in the language and writing work system has achieved initial results.

　　(5) The guidance of social language life has become a new bright spot.The National Language Resources Monitoring and Research Center and the Language Public Opinion Research Center have been established to monitor, analyze and study new language phenomena and hot issues in language life in a timely manner. From 2006 to 2010, the Report on Language Life in China was published for five consecutive years, which guided the social language life and played a positive role in the harmony of social language life.

　　(six) to provide research results for promoting Chinese to the world.Studying the language situation of the Chinese community in the world, studying the characteristics of teaching Chinese as a second language, and strengthening the formulation of language and writing standards and the construction of teaching materials for the international spread of Chinese. The Global Chinese Dictionary was compiled and published, which promoted the communication of Chinese at home and abroad and the international spread of Chinese.

　　(seven) the standardization and informatization of national languages have been solidly promoted.Actively carry out the construction of standards and resource libraries for minority languages, strengthen the standardization of minority language terms, and complete more than 100 standardization and informatization projects for minority languages. The database of minority languages and characters has been started.

　　(VIII) The discipline construction of applied linguistics was further strengthened.We supported the establishment of a master’s degree program, a doctoral degree program and a key laboratory of computational linguistics, which are urgently needed by the society, and held a series of academic conferences on the application of language and writing in China. Research on language planning, language teaching, computational linguistics and legal linguistics, which are urgently needed by society, has been carried out. The research team of applied linguistics is constantly growing.

　　Second, the situation faced by the State Language Committee in the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" scientific research

　　At present, China is in a critical period of reform and development. With the deepening of economic globalization and the rapid development of science and technology, the competition of comprehensive national strength is developing in an unprecedented depth and breadth.

　　The impact of globalization is far-reaching. With the development of economic globalization and the great migration and mobility of population, there are more and more communication problems, various contradictions in language life are prominent, and the trend of language conflict is becoming more and more obvious. In recent years, all the major countries in the world are stepping up the formulation of their own language strategies, improving their language ability in handling various domestic and foreign affairs, using language to safeguard national information and cultural security, resolving social contradictions at home, rallying people’s hearts, promoting harmony, and spreading national culture and ideas abroad.

　　The development of informatization is changing with each passing day. The rapid development of modern information technologies such as Internet of Things and cloud computing is having an important impact on the world. Language is an important carrier of information, and the development of informatization makes language enter the virtual space, forming a virtual language life; Strengthen the basic research of language and characters and the application research based on information processing, strengthen the construction of language and characters standards for information processing, form the core technology of Chinese information processing with independent intellectual property rights as soon as possible, enhance the influence of Chinese language in the virtual world, and accelerate the process of national informatization.

　　Language life has developed rapidly and become more colorful. The ways that society needs to provide language services are increasing day by day, new language occupations are constantly forming, the language industry is developing rapidly, and the concept of language resources has become a consensus. The social demand for foreign languages is getting stronger and stronger, and foreign language planning is put on the agenda. The pace of Chinese going to the world is getting faster and faster, and striving for the right to speak internationally is becoming a national consciousness. Language and writing are closely related to national security, and information security has attracted increasing attention. The transformation from a big country with human resources to a powerful country with great cultural prosperity and development has put forward new requirements for the cause of language and writing, the ability of national language application and the scientific research of language and writing.

　　At present, the research of language and writing science is not fully adapted to the requirements of the development of language and writing in China. The concrete manifestations are as follows: 1. The scientific research of language and characters needs to be improved urgently in terms of the renewal of ideas and the modernization level of research methods. 2. The supporting role for language and writing needs to be further strengthened. 3. Pay insufficient attention to the hot issues of language and writing society in time, absorb and transform the achievements of basic research less, relevant scientific research achievements fail to produce social benefits in time, and "Industry-University-Research’s use" is not well combined. 4. Discipline status and personnel training need to be further strengthened.

　　Linguistic science research should seize the important strategic opportunity period of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, stand at the forefront of social development, especially the development of information technology, pay attention to social language life, pay attention to major issues sensitive to the times, and make breakthrough progress.

　　Iii. The guiding ideology, main objectives and key research directions of the language and writing science research of the State Language Commission during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period.

　　(A) the guiding ideology

　　Under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory, Theory of Three Represents and Scientific Outlook on Development, we will thoroughly implement the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on National Common Languages and Characters, implement the Outline of the Medium-and Long-term Reform and Development Plan for National Languages and Characters (2010-2020), aim at fully serving the development of national languages and characters, focus on the standardization, standardization and informatization of languages and characters, pay attention to the hot spots of social language life based on the construction of scientific research bases and language projects, emancipate our minds, and reform and innovate.

　　(II) Main objectives

　　Further improve the research level of language and writing science, and provide scientific basis and academic support for the country to adjust the language and writing principles and policies, formulate norms and standards, improve the level of social application management, and enhance the national language application ability. Pay attention to social language life, grasp the national conditions of language, actively serve the language needs of various fields and regions, and guide the harmonious development of social language life.

　　(III) Key research directions

　　1. Language strategy, language planning and language policy research.

　　Language strategy is an integral part of national development strategy. Since the beginning of the new century, many countries have been formulating and implementing language policies, language bills and language projects directly related to national language ability, and examining language issues from the strategic height of national security and global competitiveness in the era of globalization. China is a unified multi-ethnic country with many languages and languages, rich language resources and complicated language life. It is of great significance to do a good job in language planning and language strategy research and deal with language problems, so as to safeguard national unity and promote national unity and social harmony. It is necessary to study the basic strategy of language and writing work in China, the relationship between domestic languages, the role of language and writing in national identity, national identity and cultural identity, the related problems of cross-border language and writing, the language life of Chinese and overseas Chinese in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan Province, the language strategies and policies of different countries, the living conditions and experiences of foreign languages, etc., and put forward scientific plans to deal with major language problems.

　　2. Construction of language and writing standards

　　We will strengthen the standardization of national common spoken and written languages and minority languages, study the strategy of standardization of spoken and written languages, speed up the formulation and improvement of basic standards of national common spoken and written languages and minority languages, standards of application ability and evaluation and certification, standards of Braille and sign language, standards of Chinese international education, and standards for the use of foreign spoken and written languages, and focus on building urgently needed standards in the fields of education, information processing, press and publication, lexicography, radio, film and television, and public services. Strengthen the standardization of geographical names and technical terms. Actively formulate international standards for China’s spoken and written languages. Develop a standard survey and authentication system for language and characters.

　　3. Research on Language Life and Language Management

　　Strengthen the research on the national conditions of language, the use of language in new media, the monitoring and research on the dynamic use of language, and the research on language public opinion to promote the healthy development of language life.

　　Carry out research on the system and mechanism of legal management of social language application, Putonghua promotion strategy and foreign language use management. Promote the informationization and intelligence of Putonghua proficiency test, Chinese character application level test and their management. Carry out research on the professional access mechanism of Putonghua level and Chinese character application level. Conduct a survey on the use of sign language and Braille, and establish a dynamic monitoring system.

　　A study on the social popularization strategy of language science. Construction of language application consulting service platform. Construction of language policies and regulations query service system, language specification standard application service system, language training and testing system.

　　4. Language education and language ability research

　　The application ability of language plays a fundamental role in people’s growth and all-round development. Strengthen research on mother tongue education, bilingual education in ethnic minority areas, international Chinese education, language acquisition for hearing and vision disabled people. Study the evaluation criteria and means of national language application ability to improve national language application ability. Study the role of language and writing work in promoting Chinese excellent culture and establishing a common spiritual home for the Chinese nation.

　　5. Research on language resource construction and Chinese information processing.

　　Chinese information processing is an important content in the frontier technology of intelligent perception. Research on Chinese information processing combined with the Internet, do a good job in the basic construction of language resources, and improve the integration ability of processing platforms. We will promote semantic processing technology, focus on the Internet-oriented Chinese semantic analysis system, and improve the overall utilization ability of Internet information in China.

　　We will tackle key problems in Chinese information processing, enhance the independent innovation ability of Chinese information technology and products, form a number of core technologies of Chinese information processing with independent intellectual property rights and international standards of Chinese information processing technology, standardize and promote Chinese computer input methods, strengthen the construction of computer fonts, and serve the development of Chinese information industry and the national informatization strategy.

　　Strengthen the basic engineering construction of information processing-oriented language and writing, and build the knowledge base, corpus and resource base of national language and writing. Build an audio database of Chinese language resources and a large-scale corpus of traditional common minority languages. Attach importance to the development and utilization of language resources and provide services to the society.

　　(4) Guarantee mechanism

　　Establish a scientific research base system of the State Language Committee. Taking the base as a platform, we will carry out scientific research on language and writing around major national language issues, hot and difficult issues in language life and the construction of language and writing standards. Promote the combination of basic research and applied research, and encourage interdisciplinary, cross-disciplinary, cross-regional and cross-national research. Give full play to the role of universities, research institutes, academic groups and local language committees.

　　Strengthen the discipline construction of applied linguistics. Improve the status and academic influence of applied linguistics, and form a relatively complete subject system and education system of applied linguistics. Cultivate and bring up compound and interdisciplinary applied linguistic talents with modern academic vision and innovative consciousness, and strive to promote the modernization of linguistic research methods and means.

　　Attachment 2:

The 12th Five-Year Scientific Research Plan of the State Language Commission

2011 Project Guide

　　I. Language strategy research, language planning and language policy research

　　1. Research on national language laws and regulations system.

　　2. Comparative study of language management systems in different countries.

　　3. Research on Putonghua promotion to meet the development needs in the new period.

　　4. Problems and countermeasures in the popularization and application of Chinese Pinyin.

　　5. Research on the strategy of improving national language ability.

　　6. Investigation on the use of national common language in ethnic minority areas (key projects)

　　7. Research on the development strategy of language economy and language industry.

　　8. Research on the development strategy of Chinese information processing

　　9. Investigation and Research on Cross-border Languages in China (Major Project)

　　Second, research on the construction of language and writing standards

　　1. Audition of Putonghua in the New Century (major project)

　　2. Development of language and writing standards for Chinese education.

　　3 Development of Chinese Character Font Specification (Entrusted Project)

　　4. Research on standardizing the writing grade standard of Chinese characters.

　　5. Research on the application of intelligent voice technology in Putonghua proficiency test and learning of primary and secondary school students (commissioned project)

　　6. Development of language and writing standards for news publishing, dictionary compilation, radio, film and television.

　　7. Development of Chinese information processing-oriented language and writing standard.

　　8. Development of standards for minority languages and characters.

　　9. Development of the national standard of common sign language (major project)

　　10. Revision of the National General Braille Standard (major project)

　　11. Development of relevant standards for the use of foreign languages in China (key project)

　　12. Research on international standards of China language and writing.

　　13. Construction of Audio Database of Chinese Language Resources-Questionnaire and survey specification for minority languages (commissioned project)

　　Third, language life and its management research

　　1. Study on the use and standardization of loanwords, lettered words and neologisms.

　　2. Research on Language Life in public opinion monitoring (key project)

　　3. Research on the language problems and countermeasures in the process of urbanization in China.

　　4. Research on the problems and countermeasures of language application under the network environment.

　　5. Research on the problems and countermeasures of language application in modern information technology products such as mobile phones, electronic paper books and so on.

　　6. Problems and countermeasures in the application of spoken and written languages in different fields, occupations and groups.

　　7. Research on Radio and Television Language (Key Project)

　　8. Investigation on the use of sign language and Braille (commissioned project)

　　Investigation and study on the network language life of ethnic minorities in China

　　10. Study on Chinese Life in Hong Kong and Macao

　　11. Research on Chinese life in Taiwan Province (standard status of language and writing)

　　12. Survey on Overseas Chinese Use (Entrusted Project)

　　Fourth, language education and language ability research

　　1. Research on improving the national language application ability (key project)

　　2. Research on the standard and evaluation system of national language and writing ability (major project)

　　3. Research on language education in preschool and basic education.

　　4. Research on the quality of college students’ mother tongue and its improvement

　　5. Research on Putonghua proficiency test system (commissioned project)

　　6. Research on the national common language training materials for minority teachers.

　　7. Research on the standard and evaluation system of national common language application ability of minority students (key project)

　　8. Chinese classic reading education and Chinese quality, Chinese education and promotion of Chinese excellent traditional culture related research (major projects)

　　9. Research on Digitalization of Language Education

　　10. Investigation on the current situation of language teaching software in the field of basic education (commissioned project)

　　V. Research on Language Information Processing

　　1. Development of "Administrative Measures on Language Use of Information Technology Products" (key project)

　　2. Construction of testing and certification system for compliance of language and writing standards (major project)

　　3. Technical research on the construction and monitoring of national language resources (key projects)

　　4. Research on content processing and information mining in Chinese information processing.

　　5. Semantic research for information processing.

　　6. Development of Chinese text conversion system (key project)

　　7. Research on evaluation standard of Chinese character input method

　　8. Corpus construction of bilingual education materials in minority areas (commissioned project)

　　9. Research on the application strategy of language resources integration based on cloud computing platform.

　　Attachment 3:

Measures of the State Language Committee for the Administration of Scientific Research Projects

(Revised in 2011)

Chapter I General Principles

　　Article 1 These Measures are formulated in order to thoroughly implement the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on National Common Languages and Characters, strengthen the management of applied research projects of languages and characters initiated by state language commission (hereinafter referred to as the State Language Committee), and improve the research quality of the projects.

　　Article 2 The leading group for scientific research planning of the State Language Commission is responsible for planning and deploying scientific research on the application of spoken and written languages throughout the country. The Office of the Leading Group for Scientific Research Planning of the State Language Commission (hereinafter referred to as the Scientific Research Office of the State Language Commission) is responsible for formulating project management measures and implementation rules, organizing project declaration and evaluation, arranging mid-term inspection and acceptance of projects, and identifying the results of major and key projects.

Chapter II Project Category and Project Declaration

　　Article 3 The scientific research projects of the State Language Commission are mainly collected by ordinary universities, research institutes and the Language Commission system. Project categories mainly include: major projects, key projects, general projects, self-funded projects, entrusted projects, etc.

　　Article 4 Conditions for project application:

　　1. The project applicant must have good political literacy and the ability to independently carry out and organize scientific research work, be in good health, be the actual host of the project and undertake substantive research work.

　　2. Applicants can only declare one project at a time. Applicants for major projects and key projects should generally have full and senior professional and technical positions, and the age is generally not more than 55 years old. Those who have undertaken major projects of the State Language Committee and have not yet completed them may not declare new projects; Projects or subprojects that have been approved shall not be declared repeatedly.

　　3. In principle, a research group should be formed to declare. Encourage interdisciplinary, cross-school, cross-regional and cross-system organizations to organize superior scientific research forces and carry out substantive cooperative research.

　　4. The applicant’s unit actively supports and promises to provide good research conditions.

Chapter III Project Evaluation and Project Establishment

　　Article 5 The Scientific Research Office of the State Language Commission shall be responsible for the qualification examination of the application materials, and organize communication review, meeting review and public bidding according to different situations.

　　1. The communication review shall be conducted anonymously. The evaluation experts shall independently evaluate the declared project, put forward suggestions on whether to establish the project and briefly explain the reasons.

　　2. The meeting review shall be conducted in public. After full evaluation, the expert review group will vote by secret ballot, and the declared project can be established only after more than two-thirds of the votes are passed.

　　3. Open bidding is applicable to major projects. The Scientific Research Office of the State Language Committee organizes relevant experts to conduct bid evaluation, and determines the winning bidder by secret ballot.

　　According to the special needs of the work of the State Language Committee, individual projects are established separately by entrustment.

　　Article 6 The principle of fair competition and merit-based funding shall be implemented in project evaluation. The basic criteria for project review are:

　　1. The subject has important academic value, theoretical significance or practical significance.

　　2. The subject is academic frontier, and it is expected to produce innovative and social impact research results. Encourage targeted applied research projects, and encourage emerging frontier research and interdisciplinary cross-disciplinary comprehensive research projects.

　　3. The research direction of the subject is correct, the content is substantial, the demonstration is sufficient, the key and difficult points to be broken are clear, the research ideas are clear, and the research methods are scientific and feasible.

　　4. The project applicant and the members of the research group have a certain research foundation for the declared project; Have relevant research results and data preparation; Have the time and conditions necessary to complete the research work.

　　5. The application funds and budget arrangements are reasonable.

　　Article 7 The results of expert review shall be reported to the Office of the Leading Group for Scientific Research Planning of the State Language Committee, publicized after examination and approval, and issued a notice of project establishment and allocated project funds after no objection.

Chapter IV Project Process Management

　　Article 8 The project undertaker shall organize a research group to carry out research work according to the project design requirements in the project application (including research content, research methods, completion period and achievement form, etc.) and the examination and approval opinions of the Scientific Research Office of the State Language Committee. The project design shall not be changed without authorization; If it is really necessary to change, it shall be reviewed and signed by the unit where the project leader works, and then reported to the Scientific Research Office of the State Language Committee for examination and approval.

　　Article 9 The project undertaker shall report the project research progress and the use of scientific research funds to the Scientific Research Office in a timely manner according to the requirements of annual inspection (an interim report is required for projects completed within one year), and explain how to complete the follow-up work on schedule. In case of important problems and accidents during the project, it is necessary to report them in time. The Scientific Research Office of the State Language Commission shall supervise and inspect the project and put forward opinions or suggestions on the research and management of the project.

　　Article 10 The project undertaker shall strengthen the management and coordination of the project, incorporate the undertaken project into the scientific research plan of the unit, and give active support in human, financial and material aspects. The research work implements the project director responsibility system, and the self-management of the project should be strengthened to ensure the quality and quantity of the research task to be completed on time.

　　Eleventh scientific research projects whose achievements are in the form of language and writing standards of the State Language Committee shall be implemented in accordance with the Measures for the Administration of Language and Writing Standards (Standards) in state language commission.

Chapter V Fund Management

　　Twelfth the use of project funds must comply with the provisions of the relevant national financial regulations and systems, in strict accordance with the measures for the management of funds.

　　Article 13 The account filled in the receipt must be the account of the unit where the project leader works, which shall be filled in by the financial department. The use of project funds by the project team must be audited by the scientific research management department of the unit and accepted by the financial management department. If the account changes, it shall promptly notify the Scientific Research Office of the State Language Committee in writing.

　　Article 14 Expenditure scope of project funds

　　1. Equipment and consumables expenses: expenses for purchasing equipment and consumables needed for project research;

　　2. Data fee: used to purchase books, data and other expenses needed for project research;

　　3. Meeting expenses: used for meeting expenses incurred in holding project seminars, symposiums and appraisal meetings;

　　4. Travel expenses: used for travel, research and other expenses incurred by the project research institute;

　　5. Labor costs: including labor costs and expert approval fees for project research;

　　6. Management fee: no more than 5% of the annual scientific research funds, used for daily scientific research management;

　　7. Other expenditures: other related expenditures required by the project research but not included in the above items.

　　Fifteenth project funds to implement the "one-time approval, phased allocation" approach, generally at the beginning of the research work to allocate 60%, 30% after the inspection of the results of the stage, the remaining 10% after the completion of the project.

　　Sixteenth in any of the following circumstances, the next period of funds will be suspended; In serious cases, the Scientific Research Office of the State Language Committee has the right to terminate the contract, and the person in charge of the scientific research project shall bear the liability for breach of contract.

　　1 do not submit or submit a written report on the progress of the project and the use of scientific research funds on time;

　　2. Unauthorized diversion of project funds for other purposes;

　　3. After examination, the staged achievements of scientific research have not reached the predetermined requirements;

　　4. Failing to complete the development task within the prescribed time limit without justifiable reasons.

Chapter VI Project Acceptance and Achievement Transformation

　　Seventeenth after the completion of the project, it is necessary to carry out identification, acceptance and closing, and perform the necessary closing procedures.

　　1. The appraisal of the final results of general projects is organized by supporting units, and the appraisal experts are mainly composed of peer experts from other units; Only those who have passed the appraisal can apply for acceptance, and submit the appraisal certification materials signed by the appraisal experts to the State Language Research Office for the record.

　　2. The identification of the final results of major projects and key projects shall be organized by the Scientific Research Office of the State Language Commission.

　　3. To apply for a settlement, you must fill in the Application for Appraisal of the Settlement of Scientific Research Projects of the State Language Committee, provide the final appraisal certificate, the original results and the summary report of the results (including the electronic version), and submit it to the Scientific Research Office of the State Language Committee after the approval of the supporting unit.

　　4. The identification and validation of scientific research projects with the language and writing standards of the State Language Committee shall be carried out in accordance with the Measures for the Administration of Language and Writing Standards (Standards) of state language commission.

　　5. The Scientific Research Office of the State Language Commission will issue a certificate of completion to those who have passed the acceptance and confirmed that they can complete the project, allocate the rest of the project funds, and announce the acceptance of the project.

　　Eighteenth gradually establish a scientific and reasonable evaluation system of project results, pay attention to the quality of results, pay attention to the actual value.

　　1. The final results can be standard texts, papers, monographs, consulting reports, software, databases, patents, etc. In addition to the academic achievements themselves, the course construction, textbook compilation, dictionaries, popular science articles, academic reports, consulting services, their actual effects and social impacts, etc. carried out by the project leader and the members of the research group in combination with the project research, are included in the acceptance scope for comprehensive consideration. The evaluation of the achievements of major projects in the scientific research base of the State Language Committee should pay special attention to the situation of providing consulting services to the country and society.

　　2. The main contents of the project acceptance are: the person in charge of the project has completed the research task according to the project contract and task plan; The final result is consistent with the "final result form" approved at the time of project establishment, and there is no dispute over signature and intellectual property rights; The expenses are reasonable and legal. The final result must be marked with the words "Scientific Research Project of the State Language Committee" in a prominent position, otherwise it will not be recognized at the time of acceptance.

　　Nineteenth to establish a system of rewards and punishments for project achievements. For the projects whose achievements have been accepted as excellent, they shall be notified and praised as an important reference for the project owner to apply for the project next time; All projects whose results are unqualified after acceptance shall be removed, and the person in charge of the project shall not declare the scientific research projects of the State Language Committee within 3 years.

　　Twentieth strengthen the awareness of transformation of achievements, expand the channels of transformation of achievements, and give full play to the social benefits of project achievements.

　　1. When all kinds of projects are completed, a summary report of achievements of 3-5 thousand words shall be submitted at the same time, briefly describing the academic value, innovative content and social impact of this topic, and submitted to the Scientific Research Office of the State Language Commission after being audited by the supporting unit.

　　2. Encourage the transformation of project achievements into courses, teaching materials and teaching, so as to serve the cultivation of outstanding talents; Transforming to decision-making consultation to serve the scientific decision-making of the government and enterprises; Transforming into society and doing more scientific popularization work will serve to improve the standardization level of language and writing in the whole society and build a harmonious language life.

　　3. The project undertaker shall take active measures to support and fund the publication of outstanding achievements of the project, and actively do a good job in the publicity, promotion and application of the project achievements. Research reports, consultation reports and investigation reports with important application value shall be submitted to the Scientific Research Office of the State Language Commission before being submitted to the relevant departments.

　　Twenty-first project results are owned by the State Language Committee and the research group, and released and used in the name of the State Language Committee. The project undertaker has the right to use the achievements in scientific research and teaching and other rights granted by the State Language Committee.

Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

　　Twenty-second these measures shall be implemented as of the date of promulgation, and the Measures for the Administration of Scientific Research Projects in state language commission issued in 2007 shall be abolished at the same time.

　　Article 23 The Scientific Research Office of the State Language Commission shall be responsible for the interpretation of these Measures.

In 2024, the field of autonomous driving ushered in an unprecedented capital boom. The continuous upgrading of Tesla FSD system and rumors of entering China, like a shot in the arm, have stimulated the market’s infinite reverie of end-to-end autonomous driving technology. The capital market responded quickly, and many self-driving companies in China rushed to the market. Horizon, Wen Yuan Zhixing, Xiaoma Zhixing, Youjia Technology and other companies successfully listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and the US stock market, and the financing and valuation of the self-driving industry continued to rise.

The rise of end-to-end autonomous driving technology

In 2024, autonomous driving technology ushered in the upsurge of end-to-end autonomous driving. Tesla has become a leader in this field with the continuous upgrading of its FSD system. Tesla’s version of FSDV12 introduced a brand-new end-to-end neural network architecture, which realized full automation from perception to vehicle control. The subsequent version of FSDV13.2 further improved the user experience and realized the "point-to-point" automatic driving function. The breakthrough of this technology not only makes Tesla shine in the North American market, but also paves the way for it to enter the China market soon.

At the same time, Huawei, Ideality, Momenta and other companies have also actively deployed in the field of end-to-end autonomous driving. Huawei Gankun has released a high-level Gankun ADS3.0 version that supports intelligent driving in urban areas, and an ADSSE version that can realize high-speed navigation assistance and basic intelligent parking. From 2.0 to 3.0, the intelligent driving ability has been optimized a lot, and many new specific functions have been added, such as NCA traffic around the island, NCA roadside parking function, lateral anti-collision avoidance function, and anti-collision function by mistake. Tramway has experienced a variety of models equipped with Huawei Gankun Intelligent Driving ADS3.0 this year. Among them, the most impressive one is Zhijie S7, which can park in the underground parking lot, find parking spaces and park them without driving, and can also complete the operations of courtesy to pedestrians, reversing and avoiding by itself.

On October 23rd this year, LI announced the industry’s first new generation of dual-system intelligent driving scheme, end-to-end +VLM full push. Then on November 28 th, the intelligent driving from the ideal parking space to the parking space took the lead. In less than a month, the 2024 Ideal AI Talk forecast: the whole scene of high-speed cities will be upgraded to end-to-end +VLM, and will be fully pushed to AD Max users on December 31. Accompanying with the "end-to-end" of the ideal, it has achieved phased results, and for the long-term technical pre-research, the ideal has also adjusted the organizational structure of its own intelligent driving team. Recently, in the face of media interviews, Li Xiang even talked about AI Kan Kan. He regarded artificial intelligence as "the whole of the future", and thought that the appearance of large models would fundamentally change human beings. End-to-end +VLM would break the "inertia thinking" that users used to use smart driving, and let consumers truly realize that smart driving is no longer an "unnecessary choice" but an "optimal solution" for travel life.

"Extreme cost performance" smart driving products are favored.

Consumers’ demand for intelligent driving products is no longer limited to functional perfection and advanced technology, and the level of cost performance has also become an important consideration for their choice.

In order to meet the changes in the smart driving market, Mimo has released three "extremely cost-effective" intelligent assisted driving products, HP170, HP370 and HP570, which fully meet the mass production needs of high, medium and low-priced smart driving models. At present, the second-generation HPilot’s extremely cost-effective NOH smart driving products have entered the delivery state one after another.

On November 29th, Mi Mi Zhixing celebrated its fifth anniversary. According to the internal letter, the company’s intelligent driving products have been equipped with more than 20 models, and the mileage of intelligent driving has exceeded 250 million kilometers, providing services for more than hundreds of thousands of car owners; In the past five years, the average price of bicycles in the industry has been reduced from several hundred thousand yuan to several tens of thousands yuan, which has helped the intelligent upgrading of the logistics industry and delivered nearly 900,000 orders for express delivery, supermarkets and other logistics scenes in China. In terms of technology research and development and product landing, we will continue to increase investment in research and development, ensure that the second-generation smart driving products at the end of the year are delivered at a fixed point in mass production, create an urban map-free NOA scheme with the best cost performance in the industry, and achieve full coverage of the whole country.

DJI Zhijia has successfully opened up the market with the strategy of "extremely cost-effective". DJI has greatly reduced the cost of high-level intelligent driving system through its innovative "in-line platform", which makes the technology that only appeared in high-end models in the past more and more popular in the low-end market. DJI Intelligent Driving System, based on pure vision scheme and independent of high-precision maps and lidar, can realize L2+ intelligent driving function on 100,000-150,000 vehicles. Such cost control not only helps the car factory reduce the production cost, but also promotes the popularization of intelligent driving technology.

Capital feast of self-driving track

In 2024, more than a dozen self-driving companies have submitted listing applications or have been listed. It can be found that self-driving companies have ushered in a "capital feast". On January 5, 2024, Sagitar Juchuang was officially listed and became the "first share of lidar" in Hong Kong stocks. Since the second half of this year, such as Qi Chuxing, Black Sesame Smart, Horizon, etc. have been listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. The latest information shows that Youjia Innovation started its IPO on December 17, and plans to officially list on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange with "2341.HK" as the stock code on December 27.

With the help of many companies including autonomous driving companies, the amount of new share financing of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has increased significantly this year. According to the data of Deloitte China, as of December 31st, 2024, it is estimated that 69 new shares will be raised in Hong Kong, which is about HK$ 87.6 billion. Compared with HK$ 46.3 billion raised by 70 new shares in 2023, the number of new shares decreased by 1%, while the total amount of financing increased by 89%. In 2024, while the mainland’s new stock market slowed down, more Chinese-funded enterprises went public in the United States and raised more funds. About 53 Chinese companies will raise $1.843 billion, compared with 34 companies raising $855 million in 2023. In 2024, China enterprises listed in the United States, Kykrypton, Wen Yuan Zhixing and Xiaoma Zhixing ranked in the top three.

Home is a harbor that carries people’s dreams and happiness. No matter how technology develops, in the final analysis, she should be a better and more quality synonym for the appearance of home.

With the main consumers in the market changing from the post-80s to the more personalized post-90s and post-00s,Household productsField,consuming behaviorWith the change, the consumer groups are also accelerating the refinement, from once focusing on the use of men, women, children, adults, etc., to today’s maternal and child series, secondary series and many other sub-fields, especially the high-intensity life pressure brought by the acceleration of the industry, users are paying more attention to whether products and services can be improved.quality of life. In other words, people pay more attention to the value thinking of internal needs. And this kind ofMarket consumption patternThe change also determines that enterprises can only adapt to the changes in consumer behavior if they seek innovation and change.

In fact, people’s requirements for household appliances, including washing machines and refrigerators, have changed from meeting basic needs in the past to improving the quality of life today, including the comprehensive upgrade of basic performance, aesthetic pleasure, convenient use, healthy life and happiness index, which makes people’s homes more fashionable and warm.

Let the service have more digital application of "temperature"

In the era of digital and intelligent popularization, people basically spend more than half of their time dealing with digitalization every day, which makes life more convenient and faster and becomes an indispensable existence. For example, after the digitalization of home appliances, users can perceive the real effect of the whole scene in advance, and then buy when they feel satisfied after the experience, and enterprises can also accurately understand the preferences of users, so as to better link the needs of sellers and buyers.

Undoubtedly, digitalization can make life more warm. In the era of users’ home, enterprises need consumer consumption, so they must cater to the market, carry out digital transformation, and seek innovation and change. Haier Zhijia has grasped the bull’s nose of digital development many years ago and implemented a comprehensive digital transformation.

It is the central logic of Haier Zhijia’s digital transformation to improve users’ ideal experience. As Xu Meng, vice president of Haier Zhijia and general manager of China District, said, within Haier Zhijia, a chain group organization was built around users, and at the same time, with the support of business model, the reform of the whole system was realized, that is to say, the whole link of users was opened, and the whole process links such as contact, interaction, transaction, delivery and word-of-mouth were made visible on the platform. Of course, after the digital transformation of Haier Zhijia, it has well met the real-time needs of users, made Haier’s service more temperature, and won competitiveness for its own development.

On the road of digital transformation, Haier Zhijia focuses on efficiency first. Through the four digital reconstructions of objectives, organizations, mechanisms and processes, the whole process of all employees focuses on the transformation from "enterprise digitalization" to "digital enterprise". For example, in terms of business, they upgrade their business model from offline to online mainly through digitalization of six platforms: customers, users, products, services, marketing and logistics, which improves the user experience and repurchase rate.

Of course, in addition to the digital upgrade at the front-end client, Haier Zhijia mainly puts the supply chain, logistics, production and materials on one platform to quickly respond to market demand. At present, all nodes have improved their efficiency through the digital lean manufacturing platform, and the accuracy of time series planning has increased to 85%, the hourly output has increased by 9.3% year-on-year, and the logistics loading efficiency of order delivery has increased by 30%. At the same time, all designers and R&D personnel understand the needs of users, the market’s views on current products and future trends on the platform, and then develop a new SKU (inventory unit) which is more accurate and efficient.

It can be seen that, driven by the changes of the times and the transformation of consumption, the systematic logic of Haier Zhijia’s entire commercial circulation forces the enterprise’s business model to make subversive changes for users, from the previous business logic of ToB to all ecological and cooperative partners and channel providers to build a complete link of ideal whole-process experience around the needs of users. Haier Zhijia has accelerated into the user era.

Let a home realize a "differentiated" new experience around users.

For the home furnishing industry, how to seek change and innovation? In fact, the focus still needs to fall on the core factor of "users", so that users can feel the warmth of home and have a new sense of experience.

Nowadays, users have become the market leader, but there is a phenomenon: users don’t know exactly what they want or need, and many of their needs, such as the additional functions of household appliances in addition to their own basic functions, are actually created by the market.

From this point of view, the iterative upgrade of products should be ahead of consumers. That is to say, in the process of product research and development, enterprises need to pay more attention to the improvement of quality of life brought by products, rather than low-end products, under the premise of combining national policies and matching corresponding resources, and finally create differentiated products that users are willing to pay for. These products must be able to bring users life feelings and enjoyment that they did not have in the past.

For example, Haier Zhijia will show a casarte flat-embedded refrigerator on AWE this year, which can be beautifully embedded in the cupboard, beautiful and atmospheric, and also effectively saves the kitchen space. It really realizes the integration of home appliances and home improvement through the front of home appliances, which realizes the experience and feeling that the refrigerator did not bring in the past.

On the other hand, the consumer groups have become more personalized after 90 s and 00 s, and they have changed from the differences in the use of people who once paid attention to it to many sub-sectors such as maternal and child series and secondary series today, so the market needs to be re-laid.

For example, Haier Zhijia’s three-level brand strategy of "high-end brand, scene brand and ecological brand" has opened up a new track from products, scenes to ecology. It can be said that the strategic landing of Haier Zhijia’s third-class brand conforms to the trend of contemporary users’ consumption concept of "thousands of people". Xu Meng said that by arranging the brand matrix of super-high-end Fisher & Paykel, high-end casarte, Volkswagen Haier and Young leader, we can find suitable product solutions for different groups, better meet the consumption behavior of different groups and better adapt to the current consumption stratification.

After meeting the needs of different users, Haier Zhijia also has a deep insight into the new consumption concept of the Z generation youth in the family field. Compared with the former consumption concept of "I will buy whatever the enterprise produces", contemporary young people pay more attention to the phenomenon of solutions and lifestyles. It is often difficult to make their consumption land only by using products. At the same time, their consumption concept is just one stop at a time, and time is more important than money. Therefore, through the landing of the smart home scene brand, Haier Zhijia provides a new life with higher quality, convenience and wisdom, which is no longer a commodity, but a solution covering home improvement, home, home appliances and home life.

In addition to satisfying users and reassuring them, the distance between enterprises and users is also an important success or failure point in today’s market. However, Haier Zhijia has changed people looking for goods in the past into people looking for goods today. For example, offline casarte is entering the shopping mall in an all-round way, and it is not a traditional household appliance, but a scene experience of a high-end lifestyle jointly built with the ecological side, and such a "differentiated" smart life experience is constantly entering the families of millions of users.

When night falls, the lights are dim, and the sleep mode of smart home is quietly started. Curtains are automatically closed, the ambient temperature is automatically adjusted, the mattress senses the body posture, and the height and hardness of the pillow are automatically adjusted, so that the human body can get ideal comfort and support. The speaker on the bedside table will play soft music, which will make people fall asleep gradually. When the human body enters deep sleep, it automatically adjusts the volume to keep a quiet sleeping environment … This has been the daily life of Haier Zhijia users.

The effective implementation of Haier Zhijia’s "three-level brand strategy" has met the practical needs of users’ consumption behavior changes to a certain extent, which is a gospel for users. From this aspect, Haier Zhijia has always been guided by the needs of users, that is, "user-centered" strategic layout, promoting enterprise reform and improving the quality of users’ consumption every time.

Today, people’s home life is moving towards wisdom; What will it be like tomorrow? Perhaps, as Xu Meng said, it is to provide users with clothing, food, shelter, entertainment and smart life scenes, and feel the happiness of thousands of people!

In the era of smart life, how can innovative technology empower space? How can user needs be realized? How does the smart lifestyle continue to evolve? Haier Zhijia follows the needs of users with innovation, accurately grasps the industry trend and has insight into the next decade. At 18: 30 on April 27th, Haier Zhijia once again joined hands with AWE to start a smart life and look to the future-Haier Zhijia X36 "See 2033" joint theme live broadcast, inviting thousands of users to enter Haier Smart Life Experience Field together, so stay tuned!

(promotion)

According to the "Beijing Release" WeChat WeChat official account news, the Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention issued a health reminder:Covid-19 can effectively prevent Covid-19 infection through close contact and respiratory droplets transmission. Personal protection such as wearing a mask, washing hands frequently, regular ventilation and keeping a safe social distance can effectively prevent infection. In order to better protect the health of themselves and their families, please ask the general public and friends to participate in, understand, support and cooperate with various epidemic prevention and control measures, earnestly fulfill their personal epidemic prevention responsibilities, scientifically prevent epidemics, and be the first responsible person for their own health.

One is to wear a mask. Wear masks in indoor and outdoor crowded places, when taking elevators or public transport; When fever, dry cough, fatigue, sore throat and other symptoms appear, it is recommended to wear a medical surgical mask or above when seeking medical treatment in the hospital; Masks should be replaced in time, and the cumulative wearing time of each mask should not exceed 8 hours.

The second is to wash your hands frequently. When going out and returning home, caring for the elderly, children and patients, touching the mouth, eyes, nose, coughing or sneezing, cleaning up garbage, touching public facilities such as express delivery, elevator buttons, door handles, etc., you should wash your hands or disinfect your hands in time.

The third is constant ventilation. Open the window for ventilation at proper time, 2 ~ 3 times a day for 20 ~ 30 minutes each time; When there are many people at home, patients or visitors, it is recommended to open the window for ventilation; When there are isolated people at home, the room where they are located should close the door and open the window separately for ventilation.

The fourth is to gather less. Try not to go to crowded places with poor air circulation, stay away from people with fever or cough symptoms, reduce gathering activities and maintain a safe social distance.

The fifth is to maintain environmental sanitation. Daily household cleaning is the main task, and preventive disinfection is carried out when necessary; Kitchen utensils, countertops, tableware, etc. should be cleaned and disinfected in time; Regularly clean and disinfect the sanitary ware and floor in the toilet. When the surface is dirty or moldy, it should be cleaned and disinfected in time; Cover the toilet before flushing and keep the trap water sealed.

Sixth, actively vaccinate COVID-19 vaccine. The whole population in Covid-19 is susceptible, and the elderly are the most vulnerable group, with a high proportion of basic diseases. They are the high-risk group that will cause severe illness after being infected with Covid-19. Vaccination with COVID-19 vaccine is always one of the most effective preventive measures. It is suggested that the elderly who meet the vaccination conditions should be vaccinated as soon as possible, and the booster immunization should be completed as soon as possible after three months of complete vaccination.

Seventh, develop a healthy lifestyle. Strengthen physical exercise, adhere to the law of work and rest, ensure adequate sleep, maintain a healthy mentality, eat healthily, quit smoking and limit alcohol, maintain a healthy mentality, and do not believe in rumors or spread rumors.

Eighth, do a good job in health monitoring. Make good use of nucleic acid detection and antigen self-test. If you have symptoms such as fever and dry cough, don’t go to work or school with illness, don’t take part in social activities, don’t take public transportation, wear a mask, and go to the hospital fever clinic for investigation in time to reduce the risk of family transmission and cooperate with the implementation of various prevention and control measures.