On the morning of February 15th, Weibo Yongning Education, the official announcement of Yongning County Education and Sports Bureau of Yinchuan City, Ningxia, said that on February 13th, Yongning County Education and Sports Bureau received the related questions from Yongning Middle School teacher Wu Fan on the Internet and immediately intervened in the investigation.

　　After investigation, the teacher made inappropriate remarks unrelated to the teaching content during the online teaching on April 16, 2020, which had a negative impact. According to the detailed rules for the implementation of the measures for the treatment of primary and secondary school teachers’ violation of professional ethics in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Trial), the Yongning County Education and Sports Bureau decided to give Wu Fan an order to check, and in informed criticism, the county’s education system, the qualification for evaluation and evaluation was cancelled within two years; Informed criticism, the principal of Yongning Middle School in the county education system.

　　According to the report, the person in charge of Yongning Middle School and the teachers involved have actively communicated with the students and parents, sincerely apologizing, and the students and parents expressed their understanding. In the next step, Yongning County Education and Sports Bureau will further standardize teachers’ teaching behavior and vigorously improve teachers’ ideological and political quality, moral cultivation and professional level. Thanks to netizens, students and parents for their supervision and support. (The Paper reporter Lu Xinwen)

　　Beijing, 4 Dec (Reporter Chen Jinsong)-The 70th anniversary of the founding of China Braille Publishing House and the international seminar on visually impaired education were held in Beijing a few days ago. Zhang Jianchun, Vice Minister of Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China, and Cheng Kai, Chairman of China Disabled Persons’ Federation, attended the event and made speeches.

　　Zhang Jianchun pointed out that the Disabled Persons’ Federation of Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China and China attached great importance to the cultural cause of the blind, and adopted various measures to strengthen the publication of Braille books, implemented the digital reading promotion project for the blind, constantly expanded the supply of high-quality cultural products and services, helped the blind friends to learn culture, acquire information and master skills, and established and enhanced their courage and confidence in life and work. China Braille Publishing House, as the only comprehensive cultural publishing institution serving the blind in China, has made great contributions to serving the overall situation of the work of the Party and the state, meeting the spiritual and cultural needs of the blind and promoting the prosperity and development of cultural undertakings for the blind.

　　More than 300 people attended the event, including responsible comrades from relevant departments and directly affiliated units of Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China, Ministry of Education and China Disabled Persons’ Federation, and experts in the field of visually impaired education at home and abroad. At the event site, YTO Express Co., Ltd. donated 3 million yuan to China Braille Publishing House to carry out the public welfare project of "Dream Blind Children Leading to the Future". (People’s Daily Overseas Edition)

　　[Editor’s Note] Although patent standardization can promote innovation, improve efficiency, reduce consumers’ adaptation costs and eliminate international trade barriers, it also greatly enhances the position of standardization organization participants in patent licensing negotiations, leading them to demand unfair, unreasonable and discriminatory patent licensing fees from standard users, namely patent licensees. Therefore, the patent system needs to fully consider the connection with the standard, and further improve the patent system related to the standard, especially the patent licensing fee system. This paper analyzes the system related to the standard-related essential patent in combination with the legal application of the US court and the China court in the cases of Microsoft v. Motorola and Huawei v. American Interactive Digital Company respectively.

　　I. Introduction

　　There is no unified and clear definition of Standards-Essential Patents, SEP) [1]. We believe that if the implementation of technical standards must be based on infringement of patent rights, even if there are other technologies that can be included in the standards, the patent is a necessary patent for relevant technical standards. Standard refers to a normative document that is formulated by consensus and approved by recognized institutions, used together and reused in order to obtain the best order in a certain range [2]. Although patent standardization can promote innovation, improve efficiency, reduce consumers’ adaptation costs and eliminate international trade barriers, it also greatly enhances the position of standardization organization participants in patent licensing negotiations, leading them to demand unfair, unreasonable and discriminatory patent licensing fees from standard users, namely patent licensees.

　　In order to seek a balance between technical standardization for public use and patent protection, ISO in its relevant intellectual property policies not only requires standard participants to disclose the patents they own or actually control to ISO in time, but also requires them to promise to license all standard implementers to use their patents on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms. This is the "FRAND" principle that the patentee of standard essential patent must abide by in the licensing of standard essential patent.

　　Take the European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI) as an example, the 4th.1 of its intellectual property policy stipulates: "During the development of the standards or technical regulations in which it participates, every member shall make reasonable efforts to inform ETSI of its necessary intellectual property rights in time. In particular, members who put forward technical suggestions for standards or technical specifications should draw ETSI’s attention in good faith to any intellectual property rights that may become necessary if their suggestions are adopted. " ETSI’s intellectual property policy 6.1 further stipulates: "If the necessary intellectual property rights related to a specific standard or technical specification have attracted ETSI’s attention, ETSI’s director-general shall immediately require the necessary intellectual property owner to make a written commitment within three months, and at least within the following scope, it is ready to grant an irrevocable use license under fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory conditions; Manufacturing, non-manufacturing or OEM are used to manufacture customized components or subsystems that meet the licensee’s own design standards; Sell, lease or otherwise dispose of the equipment manufactured in the above manner; Maintenance, use or operation of the above equipment; How to use it. "

　　However, the standardization organization has not made any provisions or expressed any opinions on how to judge the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard, which leads to difficulties. In April, 2013 and October, 2013, the US court and the China court respectively expressed their opinions on how to judge the FRAND standard essential patent license fee in the cases of Microsoft v. Motorola and Huawei v. American Interactive Digital Company. However, due to the differences in the cultural background and legal accumulation of the judges of the two countries, the judgments of the two countries have their own characteristics and show great differences. [3] Based on the judgments of the above two cases, this paper makes a comparative study on several issues related to the calculation of essential patent royalties of FRAND standard, and draws some possible beneficial conclusions on this basis.

　　Second, the FRAND standard essential patent related system policy considerations

　　In the case of Huawei v. Interactive Digital Corporation of America, in order to evaluate the standard necessary patent license fees in line with the FRAND principle, the courts of first and second instance mainly considered the following three policy factors: total control, anti-patent hijacking and anti-patent license fee stacking. The first is total control, which means that the license fee of standard essential patent cannot exceed a certain proportion of the product profit of standard essential patent users. The courts of first and second instance of Huawei case held that technology, investment, management and labor jointly created product profits, and patented technology only created one factor of product profits. Therefore, the license fee required by the patentee should not exceed the total profit of users’ products in any case, otherwise, the license fee cannot be considered as conforming to the FRAND principle. The second is anti-patent hijacking. Patent hijacking refers to the ability of the patentee to claim more than the value of the patented technology itself and the ability to try to grab the value of the technical standard or regulation itself. In the judgment of Huawei v. American Interactive Digital Company, the courts of first instance and second instance did not explicitly use the concept of "anti-patent hijacking", but both courts held that the patentee of standard necessity should not profit from the standard itself, and its contribution lies in innovative technology rather than the standardization of its patent. That is to say, the two courts actually think that the necessary patent license fee should prevent the occurrence of patent hijacking. The third is Anti-Royalty Stacking.Stacking of patent license fees refers to the phenomenon that the licensee pays many different standard essential patentees over the license fees for one standard. Huawei’s courts of first and second instance both hold that a standard or technical specification contains many standard essential patents, and any standard essential patentee can only get the license fee due to him.

　　Different from the judgment of Huawei v. American Interactive Digital Company, the judge of Microsoft v. Motorola clearly used the concepts of anti-patent hijacking and anti-patent license fee stacking in addition to the above three policies, and also considered the following two policy factors. First, the necessary patent licensing fees of FRAND standards should be maintained at a level that can promote the wide adoption of standards, which is also the main purpose of ISO [4]. Second, the method of determining the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard should ensure that valuable patents can get reasonable royalties in order to establish truly valuable standards, which is also one of the goals of ISO [5].

　　Comparatively speaking, the judge in the case of Microsoft v. Motorola has considered the policy factors involved in the calculation of FRAND standard essential patent license fees more comprehensively, which is conducive to better balancing the interests of standard essential patentees, standard users and social public interests. In this regard, as stated in the judgment of Microsoft case, if the standard essential patent license fee is too high, although not using ISO standards may mean huge market entry barriers for market participants, if the standard essential patent license fee is higher than the cost for market participants to overcome market entry barriers, market participants will choose not to adopt ISO standards, which is very unfavorable for the popularization and application of standards. On the other hand, the creation of valuable standards is of great benefit to the whole society, but valuable standards depend on valuable technology. After the valuable technology is included in the standard, the patentee will lose the basic incentive to participate in the standardization organization if he can’t get reasonable and sufficient royalties, or even get less royalties than before being included in the standard. Of course, there are many necessary patents in a standard, but the technical content and contribution rate of each patent cannot be completely consistent. How to ensure that patents with more technical content and greater contribution to the standard get more royalties is also a problem that FRAND principle must consider. It is a great pity that the policy considerations in the first and second judgments of Huawei v. American Interactive Digital Company failed to involve the above two extremely important factors.

　　Most importantly, when determining the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard, the first-instance and second-instance judgments of Huawei v. American Interactive Digital Company considered the above three policy factors, but they were limited to general analysis, and this general analysis was not further applied to the specific analysis of the case. For example, the judgments in the first and second instance of Huawei case did not examine how many standard essential patents existed in WCDMA, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA and other standards involved, how many of these standard essential patents belonged to China standard essential patents, how many of these standard essential patents belonged to American Interactive Digital Company, and what specific standards were involved in the China standard essential patents of Interactive Digital Company. The judgments in the first and second instance of Huawei case also failed to examine the contribution of China standard essential patents of American Interactive Digital Company to relevant specific standards, which products of Huawei used these China standard essential patents of American Interactive Digital Company, and what contribution these standard essential patents of American Interactive Digital Company made to Huawei products. Although it is difficult to investigate and analyze these factors, the courts of first and second instance of Huawei case have to face them because these factors are closely related to whether the patent license fee demanded by American Interactive Digital Company constitutes patent hijacking and patent royalty stacking.

　　Different from Huawei’s first-instance and second-instance judgments, Microsoft’s judgment solved the above problems as much as possible despite great difficulties. The Microsoft case first determined that Motorola had the necessary patents in H.264 and 802.11 standards. In order to establish the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard related to H.264 standard, the Microsoft case first analyzes the development background and technical context of H.264 standard, including the development time of the standard, the technical characteristics and level of the standard itself, patents related to the standard, and Motorola’s contribution in the development and establishment of the standard. Secondly, the contribution of Motorola patent to H.264 standard is analyzed. The Microsoft case first identified six patent families that Motorola is necessary for H.264 standard, and then analyzed the contribution of each patent family to H.264 in detail. Thirdly, the Microsoft case judgment analyzes the contribution of Motorola patents to Microsoft products. The Microsoft case first determines that Microsoft’s products using H.264 include Windows, Xbox, Silverlight, Zune, Lync and Skype, and then reviews the contribution of each patent family of Motorola to each of the above products.

　　In order to establish the license fee of FRAND standard essential patents related to the 802.11 standard, the Microsoft case first examines the development history of the standard, and then reviews the relative technical value of different parts of the 802.11 standard, covering the number of all patents of the 802.11 standard, the number of Motorola patents in the 802.11 standard, the number (11) of Microsoft’s use of Motorola 802.11 standard essential patents and products, and the impact of Motorola’s 11 standard essential patents on 8001.

　　Third, the economic analysis of FRAND standard essential patent related system

　　Next, the specific method of calculating the standard necessary patent license fee is analyzed. In the case of Huawei v. Interactive Digital Corporation of America, neither Huawei as plaintiff nor Interactive Digital Corporation of America as defendant put forward a specific method to calculate the standard and necessary patent license fee in accordance with the FRAND principle. The calculation method adopted in the judgments of first instance and second instance is the comparison method. The so-called comparison method, according to the understanding of the court of second instance of Huawei case, means that the standard essential patent holder should charge the standard essential patent implementer basically the same license fee or adopt basically the same license fee under the condition of basically the same transaction conditions. Under basically the same trading conditions, if the standard essential patentee gives a licensee a lower license fee and gives another licensee a higher license fee, by comparison, the latter has reason to think that it has been discriminated against, so the standard essential patentee violates the promise of non-discriminatory use license. In order to carry out the above comparison method, the first and second judgments of Huawei case selected the standard essential patent license fee granted by American Interactive Digital Company to Apple as the reference object, and therefore determined that the standard essential patent license fee granted by American Interactive Digital Company to Huawei should be roughly the same as that granted to Apple.

　　The so-called choice of the standard necessary patent license fee given by Interactive Digital Company to Apple in the first and second judgments of Huawei case is mainly based on the following two aspects of evidence: First, a statistical and analytical report by the world-renowned analysis company STRATEGY ANALYTICS Inc In this report, STRATEGY ANALYTICS Inc counts and analyzes the shipments, market share, net sales and operating income of several famous global mobile phone providers from 2007 to 2012. Nokia, Samsung, Apple, LG Electronics, RIM, Motorola, HTC and Sony are all on its analysis list, but Huawei is not on its analysis list. According to the analysis report and forecast, Apple’s sales from 2007 to 2012 were about $300 billion, and Samsung’s net sales were about $209.751 billion. Second, in the third quarter of 2007, Interactive Digital signed a global, non-transferable, non-exclusive patent licensing agreement with a fixed license fee with a license period of seven years from June 29th, 2007. The licensed patent portfolio covers the then IPHONE and some future mobile phone technologies. In 2009, Interactive Digital signed a patent licensing agreement with Samsung and its subsidiaries.Grant Samsung a non-exclusive fixed patent license fee for terminal equipment and infrastructure under 2G and 3G standards worldwide, with the license period ending in 2012. However, the difference between the licensing agreement signed by American Interactive Digital Company and Samsung Company and the licensing agreement signed with Apple Company is that the former is a voluntary licensing agreement reached through equal consultation, while the latter is a licensing agreement that Samsung Company was forced to sign when American Interactive Digital Company filed a lawsuit. The meaning of the first-instance and second-instance judgments in Huawei case is very obvious. That is to say, the license granted by American Interactive Digital Company to Apple is voluntary, so it conforms to the FRAND principle, while the license granted to Samsung is very likely involuntary, so it does not conform to the FRAND principle. Therefore, the license fee of the former can only be used as a reference for the calculation of the necessary patent license fee of the FRAND standard in this case.

　　Although the comparison method is a simple and easy method, it is very necessary to list all the elements of the compared object as much as possible in order to obtain a more reliable comparison conclusion. It is a great pity that although the judgments of the first and second instance of Huawei case put forward the premise of "roughly the same trading conditions", they did not tell people what the "trading conditions" referred to here are and what the "trading conditions are the same" referred to here from the perspectives of evidence and legal reasons. By comparison, the court finally determined that American Interactive Digital Company should pay Huawei the China standard necessary patent license fee. The only possible evidence is that from 2007 to 2012, Apple’s net sales exceeded Huawei’s net sales of mobile phones. However, even so, the standard necessary patent license fee that American Interactive Digital Company hopes to obtain from Huawei in its last offer is calculated according to the sales of Huawei’s final mobile phone products, and the term is from 2009 to 2016. In this way, in order to make a scientific comparison, the courts of first and second instance of Huawei case should at least investigate and estimate Huawei’s net sales from 2009 to 2016, or the net sales from 2007 to 2012 in the same period as Apple. Regrettably, the judgments in the first and second instance of Huawei case did not touch on this issue. Under the condition that the minor premise of comparison and reasoning has not been solved, it is debatable whether the comparison conclusion is scientific or not. Besides,When the courts of first and second instance of Huawei case used the standard necessary patent license fee given to Apple by American Interactive Digital Company as a reference, they did not examine whether the license fee was in line with the core value pursued by FRAND, that is, to promote the entry of valuable technologies and the standard itself was widely adopted. If the answer is no, whether the judgment conclusion obtained by comparison can stand is also a question worthy of further consideration.

　　In the case of Microsoft v Motorola, Microsoft, as plaintiff, and Motorola, as defendant, respectively put forward their own methods to calculate the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard. The method proposed by Microsoft is "Incremental value approach". This method pays attention to the situation before the standard is adopted and implemented. The specific operation method is: in order to calculate the economic value of the patented technology included in the standard, we can compare other alternative technologies that can be included in the standard and calculate the specific value of the alternative technology, so as to obtain the value of the patented technology necessary for the standard. The Microsoft case court did not adopt this method proposed by Microsoft. The reason of the court is that this method is not practical. Even so, the Microsoft case court still held that the FRAND royalty must evaluate the value of the patented technology itself, which needs to consider the importance and contribution of the patent to the standard, so comparing the value of the patented technology with the alternative technology that can be included in the standard by the standardization organization can be used as a reference when determining the FRAND royalty. The method proposed by Motorola is a hypothetical bilateral negotiation method. Motorola claims that the authorization conditions of FRAND can be determined by simulating hypothetical bilateral negotiation under the obligation of FRAND authorization.

　　In principle, the Microsoft case adopts the hypothetical bilateral negotiation method, but it has been revised. The reason why the judgment in Microsoft case supports this method is mainly based on the following reasons: the hypothetical negotiation method is supported by authorized negotiation in the real world, and previous courts have made judgments by using this method. In the case of Georgia-Pacific Corp. V. United States Plywood Corp., (318 F. Supp. 1116 (1970)), the court simulated hypothetical bilateral negotiations to determine reasonable royalties through 15 analytical factors, and gained rich experience. When the court simulates a hypothetical bilateral agreement under the obligation of FRAND authorization, it should logically come to the standard necessary patent royalties that both parties consider to be FRAND.

　　However, the Microsoft case judgment did not simply copy the 15-factor analysis method proposed by Georgia-Pacifico judgment. The reasons include: First, the standard necessary patentee must grant the patent under the FRAND authorization conditions, while the patentee who has not assumed the same obligation has complete exclusive rights and can choose not to grant the patent. Second, hypothetical negotiation will hardly take place in a vacuum, and standard users will inevitably realize that there are many different essential patentees and their standard essential patents in the standard. Just because they are authorized by a single standard essential patentee does not mean that the standard can be implemented. On the basis of criticizing and absorbing the above two methods put forward by the original defendant, and on the basis of Georgia-Pacific15 analysis factors, the Microsoft case judgment puts forward a revised hypothetical negotiation method. At the same time, on the issue of patent hijacking, the negotiating parties will investigate the reasonable royalty ratio of FRAND authorization commitment according to the contribution of patent technology to standard technical capability and the contribution of standard technical capability to standard users and products using standards. In this way, an essential patent that is extremely important and key to the standard can reasonably require a higher royalty ratio than a less important essential patent. As for the stack of patent fees, the negotiating parties will consider the existence of other standard essential patentees, and each standard essential patentee will claim the patent fee according to the importance of its patent to the standard and the product of the standard implementer, and reach the royalty ratio on this basis. Finally,Under the condition of FRAND commitment, the rational negotiation parties seeking a reasonable royalty ratio will consider the fact that in order to promote the creation of valuable standards, FRAND authorization commitment must ensure that the owner of valuable intellectual property rights obtains a reasonable royalty for the intellectual property rights. Comparatively speaking, Huawei’s judgment basically failed to consider the above analysis factors because it used a relatively simple comparison method, and the rationality of its judgment should be said to have room for further improvement.

　　Four, the FRAND standard necessary patent license fee calculation.

　　So, how exactly to calculate the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard? As mentioned above, the judgment of Huawei case simply obtained the necessary patent license fee of FRAND China standard that American Interactive Digital Company can claim from Huawei by comparison method, and did not see the specific calculation process and the logical process in the calculation process, so there is not much to be discussed in depth. Based on the judgment of Microsoft case, this part analyzes the specific calculation of the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard.

　　During the trial of Microsoft case, both Microsoft and Motorola put forward their own calculation methods that can be used as the ratio comparison of FRAND royalties. The calculation method put forward by Motorola is that 2.25% of the net sales price of Microsoft’s products with Motorola’s standard essential patents, Windows and Xbox, should be used as the royalty ratio of Microsoft’s authorization to use the patent portfolio with H.264 and 802.11 standards. In order to support its claim, Motorola cited one of the above analysis factors in Georgia-Pacific case, and put forward three sets of existing patent licensing agreements as established royalties for reference. However, the judgment of Microsoft case did not adopt the comparison method proposed by Motorola, and thought that the authorization agreement proposed by Motorola had no reference value for the FRAND royalty ratio of this case. The reason is that the license agreement proposed by Motorola is a litigation settlement agreement, and the actual royalty paid in some license agreements is far less than the amount requested in this case. The value proportion of standard essential patents in some license agreements cannot be distinguished, and the standard essential patents involved in some license agreements have passed the protection period. At the same time, the Microsoft judgment holds that even if Motorola’s above-mentioned royalty ratio for calculating its standard essential patents is correct, Motorola’s royalty required for its 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio will obviously cause concern about royalty stacking. Accordingly, the Microsoft case decided that,Motorola’s 2.25% royalty rate related to H.264 and 802.11 standards does not conform to the FRAND principle.

　　The comparison objects proposed by Microsoft include the practical operation methods of two patent pools, one is MPEG LA H.264 patent pool, and the other is Via Licensing 802.11 patent pool, as well as an authorization agreement and a patent authorization evaluation suggestion. Regarding whether the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264 can be used as a reference for the necessary patent royalty ratio of the FRAND standard in this case, the Microsoft judgment gave a positive answer. The reason for the decision in Microsoft case is that FRAND royalties should be in line with the purpose of promoting the widespread adoption of SSOs standards and attracting a wide range of patentees to put their patents into the patent pool, and MPEG LA H.264 patent pool can just achieve the purpose of SSOs. The evidence in this case shows that, on the one hand, when Microsoft, Motorola and other enterprises created the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264, the royalty ratio set was high enough to attract a considerable number of patentees to put their patents into the patent pool; on the other hand, the royalty ratio set was low enough to ensure that enough standard users were willing to use the patented technology in the H.264 standard instead of alternative technology. This approach coincides with the basic principles of FRAND’s authorization commitment. In addition, the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264 also echoes another basic principle of FRAND’s authorization commitment, that is, to create valuable standard technologies.

　　Then, how did the Microsoft case judge calculate the necessary patent fees of FRAND standard related to H.264 standard that Motorola should obtain? According to the Microsoft case, Motorola’s royalty from the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264 includes two parts. Part of it is the appropriate royalty that should be allocated according to the number of patents from the royalties obtained from the patent pool as a member of the patent pool. The other part is the value of Motorola’s unrestricted access to a large number of technologies contained in the patent pool, that is, the royalties that should be obtained from the unrestricted internal cross-licensing of patent pool members, or the identity value of Motorola as a member of the patent pool. Regarding the former part of the royalties, the Microsoft case decided that according to the total amount of royalties obtained from the external license of the MPEG LA H.264 patent pool and the number of standard necessary patents of Motorola in the patent pool, the royalties that Motorola should receive were 0.185 cents for each product of Microsoft. Regarding the latter part of the royalties, that is, the identity value of Motorola as a member of the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264, the only relevant evidence in this case is that after Microsoft joined the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264, the fees paid to the patent pool were twice as much as the royalties obtained from the patent pool, which shows that the reason why Microsoft joined the patent pool is that it pays more attention to its identity as a member of the patent pool than the royalties that can be obtained from the patent pool. Because of this identity,Microsoft can clear all the obstacles of rights and use the patented technology in the patent pool without restriction. In other words, Microsoft believes that the membership of the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264 is at least equivalent to twice the value of its royalties. On this basis, the judgment in the Microsoft case presumes that, in the absence of other obvious evidence, like Microsoft, Google, the parent company of Motorola, also thinks that its membership in the MPEG LA H.264 patent pool is equivalent to providing it with twice the value of the royalties it should get as a licensor. The judgment in the Microsoft case further infers that the sum of the two royalties (0.185+2×0.185) is 0.555 cents, which is the FRAND royalty that Motorola should get from Microsoft for every product that uses Motorola’s standard essential patent. However, this is only the lower limit of FRAND royalty ratio of Motorola’s H.264 standard essential patent portfolio. According to the Microsoft case, in order to prevent the stack of royalties, the upper limit of FRAND royalties must also be calculated. On the basis of comprehensive analysis of all kinds of evidence, the upper limit of Motorola H.264 standard essential patent portfolio rights calculated by Microsoft case is $0.16389 per single product, which is applicable to Microsoft’s Windows and Xbox products.

　　With regard to the patent pool of Via Licensing 802.11, although the judgment in Microsoft case noted that it, like the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264, did not distinguish the technical value of patents in the patent pool, but distributed the royalties equally, which led to its failure to attract patentees and standard implementers, and failed to encourage the wide adoption of the standard of Via Licensing 802.11, because of its certain characteristics, the judgment in Microsoft case held that it could still be used as a reference for FRAND royalty ratio. For example, the patent pool of Via Licensing 802.11 mainly focuses on specific standards and covers the same products with the same end use as the disputed products in this case. In addition, the evidence shows that although the actual operation of the patent pool failed to achieve the purpose of promoting the wide adoption of standards, its establishment still followed this purpose, so the royalty ratio it established can still be used to show what kind of royalty ratio is in line with the FRAND principle in specific industrial activities. On this basis, the Microsoft case decided that the patent pool of Via Licensing 802.11 can be used as a reference for the FRAND royalties of Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio. Based on the same reasoning as the H.264 patent pool, the Microsoft case decided that if Motorola participates in the Via Licensing 802.11 patent pool, it can obtain other value equivalent to twice the royalties collected through the patent pool.

　　The judgment of Microsoft case holds that the parties to hypothetical negotiation will regard the patent pool of Via Licensing 802.11 as a reference for the necessary patent royalties of the 802.11 standard, and determine the FRAND royalties on this basis. In the Microsoft case, Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent has only a small technical value to the 802.11 standard, so in their hypothetical negotiation, Microsoft and Motorola will think that the royalty ratio of 6.114 cents per single product estimated according to the patent pool practice will be higher than the FRAND royalty ratio that Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio should receive.

　　During the trial, Microsoft proposed that the royalty rate paid by Marvell Semiconductor,Inc, a third-party company, for its patents in Wi-Fi chip products could be used as a reference for the FRAND royalty rate of the 802.11 standard essential patents in this case. The judgment of Microsoft case holds that the royalty ratio of the third-party company provides "the usual royalty ratio that can be obtained in a specific commercial field" for this case. Therefore, it is held that 1% of the price of each single chip implementing the 802.11 standard, that is, 3 to 4 cents per single chip, can be used as a reference for the royalty ratio of Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio.

　　The third reference to the FRAND royalty ratio of Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio determined by the Microsoft case judgment is a patent authorization evaluation model developed by Intercap, Inc. in 2003. The Microsoft case decided that the evaluation method of InterCap,Inc conforms to the basic principle of FRAND authorization commitment, because it considers the value of 802.11 standard technical function to the overall product function and the stacking of royalties, so it can be used as a reference for the appropriate FRAND royalty ratio of 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio. However, the judgment of Microsoft case also holds that the evaluation method of InterCap,Inc exaggerates the importance of Motorola’s standard essential patents to the 802.11 standard, so its appropriateness is impaired. In the hypothetical negotiation between Microsoft and Motorola, although the royalty assessed by InterCap,Inc will be used as a reference for FRAND royalty, the royalty ratio will be adjusted to 0.8 to 1.6 cents per single product.

　　According to the above analysis, the judgment of Microsoft case holds that in order to estimate the FRAND royalty ratio, it is reasonable for both parties to hypothetical negotiation to take the average of the above three reference values as the royalty ratio. The specific algorithm is to average the lowest value evaluated by InterCap,Inc at 0.8, and the royalty ratio authorized by Marvel Wi-Fi chips is averaged at the average value within its range of ((3+4)/2)3.5. On this basis, the average value of the three references is calculated to be 3.471 cents ((0.8+3.5+6.114)/3), which is the FRAND royalty ratio reached by Microsoft and Motorola through hypothetical negotiation.

　　Considering the stacking of royalties, the Microsoft case decided to adjust the royalty ratio to 19.5 cents per single product based on the high royalty ratio estimated by Microsoft expert witnesses based on the structure of patent pool Via Licensing 802.11, and take it as the upper limit of the FRAND grant range of Motorola 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio. As for the lower limit of the scope of FRAND grant for Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio, the Microsoft case further holds that the lower limit should be the lowest value of standard essential patent that the standard essential patentee will agree to accept after considering the importance of its related patents to the 802.11 standard and standard user products. Considering the limited evidence in this case, the court found that 0.8 US dollars per single product is the lower limit of FRAND royalty.

　　To sum up, the FRAND royalty rate set in the Microsoft case judgment is: the FRAND royalty rate of Motorola’s H.264 standard essential patent is 0.555 cents per single product, and the upper limit of the FRAND royalty rate range is 16.389 cents per single product, and the lower limit is 0.555 cents. This royalty ratio and scope apply to Microsoft’s Window and Xbox products, and other Microsoft products using H.264 standard apply to the lower royalty ratio of 0.555 cents. The FRAND royalty rate of Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent is 3.471 cents per single product, and the upper limit of the FRAND royalty rate range is 19.5 cents per single product, and the lower limit is 0.8 cents per single product. The royalty rate and scope are applicable to Microsoft’s Xbox products, and other Microsoft products using the 802.11 standard are subject to the lower royalty rate of 0.8 cents. (Peking University International Intellectual Property Research Center Li Yang Liu Ying)

　This article only represents the opinions of experts in the research base and may not be reproduced without permission.

　

　　[Notes]

　　[1] The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines it as "any patent or patent application that may completely or partially cover the draft standard". The American Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) interprets it as the so-called "necessary patent requirements" refers to the patent claims that will be used when implementing the standard clauses (whether mandatory or optional) of a draft standard.

　　[2] Electronic Intellectual Property Editorial Department. 2012 Electronic Intellectual Property Annual News Inventory International Articles [J]. Electronic Intellectual Property. 2013 (issue 1.2).

　　[3] The approximate case of Microsoft case is as follows: On October 21 and 29, 2010, Motorola informed Microsoft in writing that the licensing conditions of its 802.11 standard essential patent and H.264 standard essential patent were 2.25% of the final product price of Microsoft. In November, 2010, Microsoft took the initiative to file a lawsuit with the Federal District Court for the Western District of Washington on the grounds that Motorola’s licensing offer violated its RAND authorization commitment to standardization organizations IEEE and ITU.

　　The general case of Huawei is as follows: Huawei and American IDC are both members of the European Telecommunications Standardization Organization (ETSI). American IDC claims that it has many standard essential patents in the fields of 2G, 3G, 4G and IEEE802. Huawei acknowledges that these necessary patents of IDC have been incorporated into China wireless communication standards, and its products must meet these standards. From September 2008 to August 2012, IDC sent four written authorization offers to Huawei. In the first and second written offers, IDC hopes to obtain royalties from Huawei from 2009 to 2016, which is equivalent to 100 times that of Apple in the United States and 10 times that of Samsung in South Korea in the same period. In the third written offer, IDC hopes to get 35 times as much royalties from Huawei as IDC gave to Apple in the same period. In the fourth written offer, IDC hopes to get royalties from Huawei, which is equivalent to 19 times that of IDC to Apple in the same period. In these four offers, IDC did not make any distinction between standard essential patents and non-standard essential patents. In the fourth offer, IDC made it clear that rejecting any specific terms of the offer meant rejecting the whole offer. In order to force Huawei to accept its offer authorization conditions, in July and September 2011, IDC filed a complaint and prosecution with the US International Trade Commission and the US District Court Delaware respectively, accusing Huawei’s communication products of infringing its patent rights and demanding a ban.It is forbidden to import and sell Huawei products into the United States. In addition, the analysis report provided by Huawei by STRATEGY ANALYTICS, a famous American data survey and analysis company, shows that the company has analyzed the shipments, market share and net sales of the world’s top mobile phone companies from 2007 to 2012. Nokia, Samsung, Apple, LG, RIM, Motorola, HTC and Sony are on its analysis list, but Huawei has not been able to enter the analysis list. Accordingly, Huawei filed a lawsuit in the Shenzhen Intermediate People’s Court in December 2011, accusing IDC of violating the FRAND principle in its four offers, and demanding that IDC grant it the necessary patent license in accordance with the FRAND principle.

　　[4] See Microsoft Corp. V Motorola Inc,No.C10-1823JLR.ORDER-20.

　　[5] See Microsoft Corp. V Motorola Inc,No.C10-1823JLR.ORDER-24.

Friends who have bought things online should know that under normal circumstances, when we buy things online, we often do not pay the money directly to the seller, but to the third-party payment platform. When we confirm the receipt of the goods, the third-party payment platform will pay the money to the seller. With such an intermediate link, our online consumption can be safe. If there is a "ghost" in the third-party payment platform, can our funds be safe? Recently, a Ms. Yang in Jiangsu fell into a "trap" when she recharged the game Q coins.

CCTV News:As an important manifestation of digital trade, cross-border e-commerce has become a new bright spot in global economic development. Statistics from the General Administration of Customs show that in the first quarter, the import and export of cross-border e-commerce in China was 577.6 billion yuan, an increase of 9.6%. Among them, exports were 448 billion yuan and imports were 129.6 billion yuan. At the world internet conference Digital Silk Road Development Forum held on April 16th, "International Cooperation of Silk Road E-commerce" was the main topic, aiming at promoting the facilitation of cross-border electronic commerce and the data flow and sharing among countries.

The reporter saw in the live broadcast base of Xi ‘an Chanba cross-border e-commerce industrial park that the anchors enthusiastically introduced goods from different countries, such as Russian purple candy, beer, milk powder, chocolate from Uzbekistan, honey from Kyrgyzstan, and high-quality goods with Shaanxi characteristics.

At present, Chanba cross-border e-commerce industrial park has settled in 45 cross-border e-commerce enterprises and introduced more than 300 international and regional brands to deliver goods to the world in time.

Wu Ziheng, director of the Foreign Cooperation Bureau of Xi ‘an Chanba International Port Management Committee, introduced that Chanba cross-border e-commerce industrial park actively promotes the linkage of "cross-border e-commerce+live broadcast" and "cross-border e-commerce+training", builds a new industrial chain for cross-border e-commerce, and establishes four mechanisms of "enterprise incubation+talent training+innovation and entrepreneurship+industrial empowerment".

Xi ‘an Chanba Cross-border E-commerce Industrial Park is a microcosm of China’s cross-border e-commerce. Relevant data show that by the end of 2022, there were 165 cross-border electronic commerce Comprehensive Experimental Zones covering 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. It is the joint efforts of these cross-border e-commerce industrial parks that have enabled China’s cross-border e-commerce import and export volume to reach 577.6 billion yuan in the first quarter of this year.

At the world internet conference Digital Silk Road Development Forum held on April 16th, many topics and discussions were focused on the development of cross-border e-commerce in countries with the Belt and Road Initiative.

Chris brown, director of the British-China Business Environment Program of the British Standards Association, said: "Now e-commerce accounts for a large proportion of global GDP and has become a driving force for economic development, so I think e-commerce is not only for China, but also for co-construction ‘ Belt and Road ’ The country, even to Europe and the world, is very important, and e-commerce will become the driving force in the fields of productivity and employment. The development of cross-border e-commerce in different countries is different, but it is undeniable that China is one of the leaders and innovators. China and the United States are both strong in the global cross-border e-commerce field, but China is in ‘ Belt and Road ’ The cross-border e-commerce field along the route has a leading position in terms of infrastructure, products and organization. Other countries should cooperate with China, and China is very strong in this field. "

Abdullah Ali works for a fast food company in Jordan. For many years, his company has been trying to explore the international market. Abdullah Ali attended the world internet conference Digital Silk Road Development Forum held on April 16th. While learning the mature model of cross-border e-commerce in China, he also hoped to find a powerful partner to help his products open the international market.

Abdullah Ali, senior project manager of a food manufacturer in Jordan, said: "I have learned a lot from this conference, such as China’s leadership in the digital development of cross-border e-commerce in the world. China is a good partner, and I hope to broaden the broader international market by participating in this Internet conference. "

World internet conference Digital Silk Road Development Forum: Bridging the Digital Divide and Creating Mutual Assistance and Win-Win.

The main topic of the world internet conference Digital Silk Road Development Forum held on April 16th was in the field of cross-border e-commerce. Experts pointed out that there is a digital gap between countries in the field of e-commerce due to their different national conditions, and all the participants are actively offering suggestions on how to bridge the digital gap and shorten the gap in strength, so as to achieve the goal of mutual assistance and win-win.

Zhuang Rui, Executive Dean of university of international business and economics Institute for International Economics, said: "Because ‘ Belt and Road ’ There are many participating countries, and some infrastructure in these countries may not be very good. This infrastructure includes hardware infrastructure and some new infrastructure in the digital field, and these aspects may be backward. "

Experts pointed out that in order to promote the construction of the "Belt and Road", the project of Chinese enterprises to build a "Belt and Road" country was started many years ago.

Zhuang Rui said: "Through the way of development assistance, to help each other build some infrastructure, including information infrastructure, this is what China enterprises are doing, and the China municipal government also actively supports it. Countries around the world can unite to bridge this digital divide. I think the Digital Silk Road Forum is also such an original intention. "

Experts pointed out that economic development is the driving force to bridge the digital divide among countries by promoting cross-border e-commerce cooperation in the "Belt and Road" countries. Cross-border e-commerce has risen rapidly in the world and become the driving force of GDP development in various countries, and the corresponding internationalization standards are also being promoted and formulated. The introduction of these standards is also to better serve the development of cross-border e-commerce.

Chris brown, director of the British-China Business Environment Program of the British Standards Association, said: "I want to describe what kind of cross-border e-commerce standards we need. I think the key points are trust, trust between different countries, trust between manufacturers and consumers, mutual trust in payment systems, mutual trust in legal rules and mutual trust in product quality."

Recently, it coincides with the 25th anniversary of Hong Kong’s return to the motherland. The Palace Museum in Hong Kong opened, and there are more buildings in the streets of Hong Kong. From the rows of residential buildings and Tang buildings in the streets and lanes to the Bank of China Building designed by I.M. Pei and the Hong Kong International Airport of Foster Architects, these large and small buildings constitute the history of a city. This paper presents the past, present and future of Hong Kong from the perspective of architecture through 25 architectural projects in chronological order.

Hong Kong architecture is inherently public, and "publicity" is an organic part of local life. The architecture of public institutions plays a central, subtle and decisive role in the quality of the city. In the same book, Wu Xianghong explains the unique reasons behind public buildings in Hong Kong. In a crowded city, citizens are eager for good public space. Public spaces and buildings have become a part of urban life. This also urges architects and designers to think about how to use space effectively in the process of urban planning and housing design. Public buildings have become multi-purpose, multi-value and multi-level works. The mixed-use environment improves the effectiveness and flexibility of the space and optimizes the use in different periods of a year and a day.

?Chapman Chow, Landscape of Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong

After World War II, public housing and public buildings in Hong Kong were mostly designed or supervised by government architects in the Public Works Department at that time. Modernism in architecture appeared in the form of "brutalism" to adapt to the economic environment at that time. The public buildings in Hong Kong pay attention to firmness, machine-like efficiency and machine aesthetics, which coincides with the popular modernist style at that time. The Public Works Department was dissolved in 1982. In 1986, the government established the Architectural Services Department, which is a government department responsible for the design, supervision and maintenance of public buildings, with its own architects, engineers and surveyors. There are more and more local professionals, who design various projects to serve the public with their own understanding of the local lifestyle.

After 1970s, most of the early graduates of the Department of Architecture of Hong Kong University have entered a mature period. Local students who have lost overseas have gradually returned to Hong Kong to participate in the construction. However, Hong Kong’s sustained economic activity and frequent construction activities provide a lot of training and practice opportunities for new design forces. In the last few decades before the return to the motherland, the main investors in the construction of Hong Kong were local Chinese, and the sense of seeking roots and being local in society was high. This also urges architects to think about Hong Kong issues, face local conditions and create buildings that truly belong to Hong Kong. In the construction boom, some prominent individuals and firms have emerged. Partly because of the post-war hardships and high land prices, architects in Hong Kong generally embrace the principle of modernism. Their designs have created the general features of Hong Kong architecture: practical, economical, concise and, to some extent, pleasant.

In 1990s, the theory of globalization resounded around the world, and Hong Kong became an international city in Asia. Globalization is the guidance of transnational business and the inevitable direction of economic development. The large buildings in Central and Wan Chai are the physical symbols of this transformation process. From the 1990s to the 21st century, Hong Kong still carried out some large-scale and many seamless constructions, and improved the infrastructure facilities in Hong Kong.

main building

Coordinates: Campus of Pokfulam Road Headquarters, Central and Western District

The main building of the University of Hong Kong was built in 1912, which is the oldest building on campus, laying the foundation for the establishment of the University of Hong Kong. The overall proportion of the building is well-proportioned, the layout is neat, and it has a typical Renaissance architectural form. The building is supported by a number of classical Ionian granite columns, with the bell tower as the center and two watchtowers on each side.

main building

Old Supreme Court Building, Central

Coordinates: No.8 jackson road, Central and Western District.

The design adopts the architectural style of neoclassicism, and the ground is surrounded by Ionian columns. The most distinctive feature is the triangular gable in the central part. At the top of the gable stands a blindfolded statue of the Greek goddess Themis to represent justice. The building was used by the Legislative Council (known as the Legislative Council before July 1997) from 1985 to 2011. After renovation, the building has been used by the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal since 2015.

Old Supreme Court Building in Central Source: official website, Hong Kong Tourism Board

Old Tai Po Hui Railway Station

Coordinates: 13 Chongde Street, Tai Po Market

The old Tai Po Hui Railway Station was built in 1913, which is different from other railway stations along the Kowloon-Canton Railway. The facade, roof and decoration of Tai Po Hui Railway Station have China architectural characteristics, and the interior is designed according to the operation needs of the railway station. The project was listed as a monument in 1984. After comprehensive restoration, it is now used as the Hong Kong Railway Museum.

Hong Kong Old Tai Po Market Railway Station

The 1920s

Blue house complex

Coordinates: No.72, 72A, 74 and 74A (Blue House), Shishuiqu Street, Wan Chai/No.2, 4, 6 and 8, Qingyun Street (Yellow House)/No.8, Jingxing Street (Orange House)

The Blue House complex consists of a group of old residential buildings, including the Blue House and the Yellow House built in the 1920s and the Orange House built in the 1950s. Among them, the Blue House is listed as a "first-class historical building" by the Hong Kong government. It has typical Lingnan architectural features and is one of the few Tang buildings with convex balconies.

Blue house complex ?LWK+PARTNERS

Hong kong Yichang building

Coordinates: No.1010-1056, King’s Road, Bayu Chung

Yichang Building consists of five extremely dense residential buildings (Seaview Building, Fuchang Building, Haishan Building, Yifa Building and Yichang Building). It was built in the 1960s, with commercial space on the ground floor and apartments on the upper floor. Dense and crowded are the iconic features here, showing people the life in old Hong Kong.

Jetdelacruz, Yichang Building, Hong Kong

Hong Kong City Hall

Coordinates: No.5 Edinburgh Place, Central

Built in 1962, the Great Hall is one of the rare and important modernist buildings in Hong Kong. At the same time, it is also the first multi-purpose cultural center open to all citizens in Hong Kong. Since its opening, it has been a venue for many major historical events and witnessed the artistic and cultural development of Hong Kong.

Official website, Leisure and Cultural Services Department.

Hsbc building

Design: Foster+Partners, 1986

Coordinates: 1 Queen’s Road Central, Central.

HSBC Building Source: Foster+Partners

In structural design, Foster adopted a similar treatment to Pompidou Center, moving the structure from the center to the outside, making the whole building supported by a structural system similar to the exoskeleton, giving the interior a spacious and open space.

Because there were no inner columns, the whole office area was designed as an open office area, which was the first in the world at that time. The large-area glass curtain wall set with reference to the local climate in Hong Kong, together with the huge atrium, brings comfortable lighting to the office area.

Lippo Centre

Design: paul rudolph and Wang Ouyang (HK) Co., Ltd., 1988.

Coordinates: 89 Queensway, Central and Western District

Lippo Center The Estate of Paul Rudolph, The Paul Rudolph Heritage Foundation

Lippo Center was built in 1988 and designed by American architect Paul Rudolph. Composed of two office buildings, the design aims to create a sculpture-like structured and winding facade.

Both towers are hexagonal in plan layout, one is 36 stories high and the other is 40 stories high. The facade is divided into three sections, forming a concave-convex visual effect. This distinctive facade is reminiscent of a koala climbing a tree. The skirt building includes spaces such as banks, retail shops, restaurants and telephone buildings.

Lippo Center The Estate of Paul Rudolph, The Paul Rudolph Heritage Foundation

Bank of China Building, Hong Kong

Design: Bekofer and Partners, Gong Shukai Architects Co., Ltd., 1989.

Coordinates: No.1 Garden Road, Central, Central and Western District

Bank of China Building, Hong Kong

The Bank of China Tower was completed in 1989 and is still one of the tallest buildings in Hong Kong. Designed by I.M. Pei, the design of this project is inspired by the image of bamboo, which symbolizes strength, vitality, sturdiness and enterprising spirit.

Its architectural feature is to combine China’s traditional architectural ideas with modern advanced architectural technology. The whole building is composed of four triangular prisms with different heights, which can show different colors under the irradiation of sunlight.

?Paul Warchol, Bank of China Building, Hong Kong

Pacific Place Phase I and Phase II

Design: Wang Ouyang (Hong Kong) Limited, 1990.

Coordinates: 88 Queensway, Central and Western District

　Pacific Place Phase I and Phase II Source: Wang Ouyang (Hong Kong) Co., Ltd. official website

This project is one of the largest comprehensive development projects in Hong Kong, with a total area of over 490,000 square meters. The first phase of the project includes JW Marriott Hotel in Hong Kong, Xi ‘an Xuan, One Pacific Place and the first phase of the shopping mall. The second phase includes island shangri-la hotel, Hong Kong Gangli Hotel, Garden, Tower 2 of Pacific Place and the second phase of the shopping mall.

Although the project is designed and built in stages, the four tall buildings have their own styles, but they also show a unified architectural language, such as the color coordination of curtain wall system, metal hanging plates and other elements, so that the integrity can be preserved.

hong kong international airport

Design: Foster+Partners, 1992.

Coordinates: Chek Lap Kok, Lantau Island, New Territories

Hong Kong International Airport Source: Foster+Partners

Completed in 1998, Hong Kong International Airport is the only civil aviation airport in Hong Kong and one of the largest and most advanced airports in the world. It is estimated that by 2040, it can receive 80 million passengers every year, equivalent to the sum of London Heathrow Airport and new york Kennedy Airport.

The Y-shaped design makes the overall lines of the airport smooth and the traffic streamline simple. At the same time, luggage transportation, supporting service facilities and technical equipment are arranged under the passenger hall, which is also more convenient for passengers to travel. The design of light roof is calm without losing the sense of rhythm, which provides sufficient natural light for the room. Huge floor-to-ceiling glass windows also allow visitors to enjoy the surrounding landscape.

Hong Kong International Airport Source: Foster+Partners

International Finance Center Phase II

Design: Perry Clark Perry Architects Office and Xu Liyan Architects Affairs Co., Ltd. (local cooperative unit), 2004.

Coordinates: No.8, Financial Street, Central

International Finance Center Phase II Source: Xu Liyan Architects Affairs Co., Ltd.

The second phase of the International Finance Center is located in Central Financial Street, which is a famous landmark of Hong Kong as a world-class financial center. The building is like a lighthouse at the entrance of Victoria Port, which enriches the skyline of the port.

The architectural form is conical, tapering from bottom to top, as if climbing vertically. The office area is designed as an open layout, and the glass curtain wall on the facade allows indoor people to enjoy the magnificent scenery of the port and surrounding cities from all angles.

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government Headquarters

Design: Xu Liyan Architects Affairs Co., Ltd., 2011

Coordinates: No.2, Matianmei Road, Jintongtian.

Source: Xu Liyan Architects Affairs Co., Ltd.

The new government headquarters in Hong Kong, including the government headquarters building, the Chief Executive’s office, the Legislative Council Complex and the municipal parks, are interconnected. The design revolves around four themes: openness (the door is always open), happiness (the ground is evergreen), persistence (the sky is blue) and coexistence (the people are eternal).

The project will also connect the scattered green spaces in the city, including Hong Kong Park, Xiayan Garden and the future waterfront promenade. The Legislative Council Complex and the Chief Executive’s Office are erected on both sides, side by side with the East Block and the West Block of the Government Secretariat Building, and on both sides of the municipal park, overlooking the vast Victoria Harbour.

Source: Xu Liyan Architects Affairs Co., Ltd.

kai tak cruise terminal

Design: Foster+Partners, 2013

Coordinates: 33 Chengfeng Road, Kowloon

Hong Kong Kai Tak Cruise Terminal Source: Foster+Partners

The cruise terminal was built on the original site of the old airport in Hong Kong, and it is also the first project that has been opened to the public in the original site reconstruction project of the airport. The design is highly flexible and makes full use of the original facilities, so that the building can be used all year round.

The core of the design lies in the rooftop park at the end of the runway of the old airport. This park is built on the top floor of the dock platform, covering an area of 23,000 square meters, with a panoramic view of Victoria Harbour. At the same time, sustainable design also runs through the whole project, including using renewable energy to generate electricity and using recycled rainwater for cooling.

Hong Kong Kai Tak Cruise Terminal Source: Foster+Partners

Hong Kong Polytechnic University Jockey Club Innovation Building

Design: Zaha Hadid Architects, 2014.

Coordinates: No.11 Yucai Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon

Iwanbaan, Jockey Club Innovation Building, Hong Kong Polytechnic University

The project is located in a narrow and irregular site on campus, with a football field in the south and a Kowloon Corridor Expressway overpass on the back. The architectural form combines the characteristics of the tower/platform, forming a smoother combined line.

Indoor and outdoor courtyards provide an informal place for teachers and students to exchange activities, which can be used flexibly. The building extends to the center of the campus, which promotes interdisciplinary cooperation between departments and strengthens exchanges with communities, governments, industries, non-governmental organizations and academia.

Iwanbaan, Jockey Club Innovation Building, Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Hong Kong West Kowloon Station

Design: Aedas, 2018

Coordinates: North of West Kowloon Art Park, Yau Tsim Mong District

Hong Kong West Kowloon Station Source: Aedas official website

Hong Kong West Kowloon Station was opened to the public in September 2018 and is one of the largest underground railway stations in the world. As the "gateway" of Hong Kong, the station should not only interact with the surrounding urban environment, but also make the passengers who arrive or leave Hong Kong feel "in Hong Kong".

The interior of the hall is like a forest. Inclined steel columns support a huge roof that seems to be suspended in the air, and 4,000 glass panels are installed to introduce natural light into the room, allowing passengers to see the city scenery outside even from the lower floor of the station.

Hong Kong West Kowloon Station Source: Aedas official website

Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Hong Kong Port Travel Inspection Building

Design: Rogers Stirk Harbour+Partners, Aedas, 2018

Coordinates: No.33 Shunhui Road, Lantau Island

Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Hong Kong Port Travel Inspection Building Source: Aedas official website

The Hong Kong Port of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge is the boundary point from which the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge enters Hong Kong. This bridge is of great strategic significance for promoting the further integration of cities around the Pearl River Delta.

The lower floor of the passenger clearance building receives passengers from Macao and Zhuhai who need to go through entry and customs clearance procedures, while the upper floor is used to handle outbound passengers from Hong Kong. The directional lines of the wavy roof strengthen the simple and clear moving lines in the facility, improve the identifiability and provide route guidance.

Daguan Monuments and Art Museum

Design: Herzog and De Mellon, 2018

Coordinates: No.10, hollywood road, Central

Iwanbaan, the new building and historical building of Daguan Monument and Art Museum

The former Central Police Station, the Central Magistrate’s Office and Victoria Prison are historical buildings in the commercial center of Hong Kong, surrounded by granite walls. It once stood on a hillside overlooking the port from a panoramic perspective, symbolizing the authoritative position of law and order.

One of the key strategies to transform and activate the site is to inject new artistic and cultural vitality into the building complex. Two new buildings are suspended on the surrounding granite walls, cautiously intervening in the existing spatial structure, but at the same time retaining their own characteristics.

The new public space and traffic circulation space are placed underground in Iwanbaan.

Xijiu opera center

Design: Lv Yuanxiang Architects, Revery Architecture, 2018

Coordinates: West Kowloon Art Park, Yau Tsim Mong District

Opera Center, the first large-scale art performance venue in West Kowloon, Hong Kong.

It took eight years to preserve, develop and popularize traditional Chinese opera, an important traditional culture and art in China. Lv Yuanxiang Architects+Revery Architecture and Hong Kong West Kowloon Cultural Administration joined hands to build a world-class performing arts venue.

The overall architectural design combines traditional and modern elements, borrows the concept of "pavilion" in China traditional architecture, and opens the entrance on all sides to accommodate all audiences; The building curtain wall, like the stage curtain, wraps the large theater suspended at a height of 30 meters and the wide atrium space on the ground.

Atrium is a 24-hour public place, which carries traditional art with modern space, so that people who watch or don’t watch the play have the opportunity to feel the charm of the building.

Renovation and expansion of the Hong Kong Museum of Art

Design: Architectural Services Department of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government, 2019

Coordinates: No.10 Salisbury Road, Tsim Sha Tsui

Renovation and expansion of the Hong Kong Museum of Art ?iMAGE28 and Daniel Wong

Founded in 1962, the Hong Kong Museum of Art was originally located in Hong Kong City Hall, and moved to its present site in Tsim Sha Tsui in 1991. It is the first major cultural museum in this city. Unable to cope with the changes in the surrounding urban design, the Hong Kong Government decided to completely renovate and expand the old buildings.

The cubic form of the original building is emphasized and connected with the surrounding environment through the newly placed glass block. A new hovering canopy is set above the main entrance, and two recessed floors are set as an extension. Many early additions to the introverted old buildings were demolished, and framed glass exterior walls extending through several floors were built on the west and south sides to open the view of the port and public space to visitors.

Renovation and expansion of the Hong Kong Museum of Art ?iMAGE28 and Daniel Wong

K11 MUSEA Shopping Center

Design: KPF et al., 2019

Coordinates: No.18 Salisbury Road, Tsim Sha Tsui

Building coastal surface ?K11 MUSEA

With the concept of "A Muse by the Sea", the project has become a brand-new landmark of Tsim Sha Tsui coastal art and culture. The design is full of vitality, and the smooth lines reflect each other with Victoria Harbour. The wall is made of rare Portuguese limestone, and its ladder-like appearance forms a natural landscape facing Kowloon, Victoria Harbour and full of green.

In the interior, KPF cooperates with many international architects, designers and artists to design, to integrate creativity, culture and innovative spirit in a unique space, and to open a dialogue between society and different cultures in different enlightening ways.

M+ Museum

Design: Herzog and De Mellon, TFP Farrells (local cooperative unit), Arup (engineering consulting unit), 2021.

Coordinates: West Kowloon Art Park, Yau Tsim Mong District

Bird’s eye view of M+ museum ?Kevin Mak

M+ is the first global museum of contemporary visual culture in Asia and one of the largest museums of contemporary visual art in the world. The curtain wall of the building facing the Victoria Harbour is equipped with an LED screen to display the artist’s mobile video works, which can be viewed by the public at the West Kowloon Waterfront Corridor and the other side of Hong Kong Island.

The architect connects the underground floor with the ground, providing visitors with an open area across floors. The three-storey zenith allows people to enjoy the exhibits from different observation points. The high-quality fair-faced concrete and exposed load-bearing structure also keep the building in its industrial style.

The sea promenade ?Virgile Simon Bertrand

Hong Kong Palace Museum

Design: Xu Liyan Architects Affairs Co., Ltd., 2022

Coordinates: West Kowloon Art Park, Yau Tsim Mong District

Hong Kong Palace Museum of Culture Source: West Kowloon Cultural District

The museum is located in the West Kowloon Cultural District, with a total construction area of about 30,000 square meters, of which about 7,600 square meters are exhibition halls. Other museum facilities include a 400-seat lecture hall, activity rooms, restaurants and shops.

Architecture shows a new interpretation of traditional aesthetics, which is inspired by three elements: traditional architecture, art and Hong Kong urban landscape. The design of the three atrium spaces of the museum refers to the spatial layout of the Forbidden City, where the central axis is progressive horizontally, and the space of the atrium of the museum is progressive vertically, connecting different buildings into a whole. In the atrium, visitors can enjoy the view of the entrance square of the museum, the Hong Kong Island skyline and Lantau Island, and experience the harmonious beauty between the building and the surrounding scenery.

Performing Arts Complex Theatre (to be completed soon)

Design: UNStudio, AD+RG

Coordinates: West Kowloon Art Park, Yau Tsim Mong District

Located in the West Kowloon Cultural District of Hong Kong, the Performing Arts Complex Theater is a comprehensive space for performances and social gatherings. This 40-hectare seaside cultural zone combines open public space with diverse and rich cultural sites to create a vibrant cultural site in Hong Kong, allowing different artistic fields to interact, collaborate, innovate and develop together.

Effect diagram ?DBOX

2 Murray Road, Hong Kong

Design: Zaha Hadid Architecture Office

Coordinates: 2 Murray Road, Central

This project is located in the heart of Hong Kong Central Business District, and the original site is a multi-storey parking lot. The 36-storey project will create an urban oasis near Chater Garden, from which Central Subway Station and Admiralty Subway Station can be reached within walking distance. The appearance design reinterprets the structural form and layering of the bud of Bauhinia which is about to bloom.

2 Murray Road, Hong Kong

(This article is organized according to the relevant contents of Well-proportioned Space and Urban Landscape-Hong Kong Architecture 1946-2011.)

　　Southern propagation refers to the method of taking breeding materials of summer crops to the tropical areas of southern China for breeding and breeding in winter. It can be said that Nanfan is the innovative highland of agricultural science and technology, the cradle of cultivating scientific research talents and the engine of transforming scientific research achievements.

　　Yuan Longping, the "father of hybrid rice", Yang Zhenyu, the founder of northern hybrid japonica rice, Cheng Xiangwen, a corn breeder, Guo Sandui, an inventor of domestic insect-resistant cotton, Wu Mingzhu, the "king of northwest melons", Zhou Kaida and Xie Huaan … … These breeders who have made outstanding contributions to China’s agricultural development are engaged in different professions, but they all have a common experience: they spent hard years in Nanfan and created breeding miracles.

　　What is Nanfan? Nanfan refers to the activities of basic agricultural research, variety selection and seed identification by using the tropical climate and environmental conditions around Sanya, Hainan, which can meet the annual growth and reproduction of plants. It can be said that Nanfan is the innovative base of China rice bowl, the innovative highland of agricultural science and technology, the cradle of cultivating scientific research talents and the engine of transforming scientific research achievements.

　　A Jiazi’s years in the south have changed the scientific research materials and varieties that come and go, and what remains unchanged is the persistence and dedication of scientists. From living without a fixed place and finding land every year, to improving infrastructure and ensuring scientific research land, Nanfan’s entrepreneurial and innovative environment is not what it used to be; From making more than 800 million people "eat enough" to making nearly 1.4 billion people "eat well", generations of breeding experts have never stopped in their pursuit of food security. They have used persistent scientific research and innovation to make the wings of agricultural science and technology harder and make Chinese’s rice bowl more secure.

　　Scientific research and breeding highland

　　When I met Huang Tingjun at Nanfan Base of Jilin Seed Station in Sanya, he was engaged in irrigation in the field. In 1983, after graduating from college, he came to work in Jilin Seed Station, and immediately began to work in Nanfan. Talking about his first experience in Nanfan, he still remembers it vividly. "I walked from Changchun to Sanya for seven days for the first time. At that time, it was difficult to find a suitable scientific research base, the accommodation conditions were poor, and chemical fertilizer and pesticide machinery were lacking. " Slowly, the conditions of Nanfan became better. "For irrigation, at first, two people carried water, then there was a small pump, then there was furrow irrigation, and now there are sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation." In recent years, Huang Tingjun has stayed in Hainan for about 130 days every year, and kapok is the time to go back. At this time, he returned to Jilin with the cultivated materials to continue the field experiment.

　　In recent years, Huang Tingjun is mainly engaged in maize seed identification. Every winter, he and his team have to identify 480 seed samples, which will involve the safety of 50 million kilograms of seeds. Hainan has unique climatic resources. In winter, we can identify the purity of the seeds harvested in the same year in the field, monitor the seed quality in advance, and prevent inferior seeds from entering the market. Since 1995, the former Ministry of Agriculture has sent the seeds of hybrid rice, corn and cotton to Hainan for field identification every year. Huang Tingjun and others carry out seed field purity identification here every year to ensure that qualified seeds enter the market.

　　Nanfan has a history of over 60 years. According to Cheng Xiangwen, a maize breeder, in the 1950s, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences took the lead in sending personnel to Yaxian County (now Sanya) in Hainan Province to carry out rice and maize breeding, which opened the prelude to China’s southern breeding. In 1966, the former Ministry of Agriculture held a conference on maize parent breeding in Hainan, and then the number of units that propagated in Hainan increased rapidly. By the end of 1960s, 3,500 people from 21 provinces had propagated in Hainan, with an area of 82,000 mu.

　　Lin Jingshan, executive deputy director of Hainan Nanfan Administration, told the Economic Daily reporter that through Nanfan, China’s main crops have been updated six to seven times, and the yield increase of each variety update is above 10%. The data show that in the last 10 years, among the main crops, 1345 varieties approved by the state came from Nanfan, accounting for 86% of the total; Of the 12,599 varieties approved at the provincial level, 91% were bred from Nanfan. Nanfan has become an important base for applied research and basic research of crop breeding in China.

　　Seed industry talent cradle

　　"It’s difficult and annoying to be complicated in the south." This sentence, which once circulated in Nanfan base, tells the dilemma faced by researchers. In the final analysis, it is the lack of unified planning, the unstable land for scientific research and the inability to keep up with the living security, which has brought trouble to the management and service of Nanfan Base. Since then, with the continuous development of tourism resources and urban construction in Hainan, the contradiction between various construction land and Nanfan scientific research land has become more and more prominent.

　　In 2015, with the approval of the State Council, the National Nanfan Scientific and Research Breeding Base (Hainan) Construction Plan was officially issued, and the construction of Nanfan base rose to a national strategy in an all-round way. The "Planning" clearly defines 268,000 mu of scientific research and breeding protection areas, of which 53,000 mu is the core area, which is the "red line in the red line" and is permanently protected. With the implementation of the plan, the cause of Nanfan has entered a new stage of standardized development. According to statistics, at present, the scale of Nanfan base is about 200,000 mu, mainly distributed in six cities and counties such as Sanya, Lingshui and Ledong in Hainan Province.

　　In April this year, Liu Bo, a teacher of China Agricultural University in Hainan Nanfan Base, shuttled pollination among various corn plants. In December, 2012, Liu Bo came to Sanya for the first time to engage in the breeding of southern maize, and now he has got married locally, and his wife is a local, who is engaged in pollination of southern maize with him. From a member of National Maize Improvement Center of China Agricultural University to the head of Nanfan Base of China Agricultural University, he witnessed the development of Nanfan in recent years. "Today’s base has threshing ground and drying equipment, which can be remotely monitored and uploaded with scientific research data. The scientific research facilities of the base are complete and the conditions are greatly improved."

　　Li Gan ‘an, director of the Institute of Crop Genetics, Leshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sichuan Province, has been mainly engaged in the southern propagation of rice in recent years. "It is possible to breed a new variety with more than 10,000 sample combinations, and a new variety has to undergo more than ten generations of breeding to stabilize. Breeding should bear loneliness. Every year, we come with hope. Although there are times when we fail, we will still fight again with hope in the coming year. " Li Gan ‘an has been engaged in rice breeding for 29 years, and has bred 9 new rice varieties, 6 new rice varieties with high yield and 7 new materials. Among them, the combination "Gangyou 188" has been the first in the production area of Sichuan rice varieties for three consecutive years.

　　There are many agricultural researchers like Liu Bo and Li Gan ‘an in Nanfan base. At present, there are more than 700 agricultural research institutes, colleges and universities, technology extension and seed industry institutions from 29 provinces across the country, and nearly 7,000 scientific and technological personnel are engaged in the work of South China. In the history of more than 60 years of south propagation, the total number of people who came to Hainan to engage in south propagation was nearly 600,000. They worked hard on this hot land and kept growing.

　　Scientific and technological achievements converter

　　"The standards for facilities in the province are set by us." Han Xiaoyan, deputy director of Nanfan Crop Protection Center of Sanya Nanfan Science and Technology Research Institute, said that in recent years, the institute has made great efforts in the local promotion and transformation of Nanfan achievements — — Screening high-quality grafted cucumber "Chiyu 505", the new high-quality glossy cucumber variety has been popularized in the whole city for more than 10,000 mu, and the economic benefit created by radiation has exceeded 100 million yuan.

　　It has been found that the local transformation rate of southern propagation achievements is gradually improving, which has promoted the development of local agricultural industrialization. At present, the coverage rate of rice varieties propagated in the south of Hainan Province is over 95%, and all winter melon and vegetable varieties basically come from the relevant units of the south propagation; In addition, projects such as rice town, Nanfan town and National Nanfan Museum have been initiated to cultivate new formats for the integration and development of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries and promote the integration and development of Nanfan and tourism.

　　Ke Yongchun, dean of Sanya Nanfan Science and Technology Research Institute in Hainan, said that Hainan has been exploring ways to change the long-standing Nanfan model of "two heads are outside and the middle is in Qiong", and transform these resources on the spot to help Hainan’s agricultural development and increase farmers’ income. It is necessary to give full play to the advantages of Nanfan, strengthen scientific research, production, life and management services around the national food security and the frontier of global seed industry innovation, plan to build a series of major projects such as China Nanfan Science and Technology City and Nanfan National Laboratory, and strive to build Nanfan Seed Industry "Silicon Valley".

　　In order to make the Plan not only promote scientific research and breeding, but also benefit Hainan, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs supports the combination of exploring the construction of the core area with the construction of Nanfan Town and the construction of leisure and sightseeing tourist areas. Hunan and Qiong provinces signed a memorandum of agricultural cooperation to cooperate in the construction of Nanfan base, betel nut and other advantageous industries; Shanghai Agriculture Committee and Lingshui County Government signed an agricultural cooperation agreement to promote the development of modern agriculture in Lingshui for mutual benefit and win-win.

　　Lin Jingshan said that the current breeding in the south has changed from the past generation breeding to scientific research and breeding, seed production and breeding, emergency seed production, purity identification and biological breeding research. In recent years, the area of southern breeding species has remained above 200,000 mu, which is more than five times that of scientific research and breeding. The annual rice seed production area of Nanfan Base is over 200,000 mu, and the annual seed production is about 45 million kilograms, which is equivalent to more than 20% of the national hybrid rice demand, and it plays an irreplaceable role in regulating seed supply.

　　(Reporter Qiao Jinliang)

　　A new scam of health code has appeared.

　　99% of people may be fooled!

　　Recently, many people have been cheated. Now it is the period of epidemic prevention and control, and health code and nucleic acid certificate are both essential documents. However, the liar has reached out to the nucleic acid detection, so everyone must be vigilant. The routine is as follows:

　　1. Are you a "close contact"?

　　Fraudsters pretend to be epidemic prevention workers and send phishing link messages to victims, falsely claiming that the victims are close contacts of the confirmed persons in COVID-19, and inducing the victims to click on the links to fill in their personal information. Then, on the grounds that the recent big data travel card has been visited too much and there is a system failure, the SMS verification code is requested to confirm the travel trajectory, and then the money is defrauded.

　　2. Your courier was tested positive for COVID-19.

　　The fraudster phoned you under the guise of "Express Customer Service", falsely claiming that your courier was tested positive for COVID-19 and was destroyed, but you can apply for compensation. After you added a "customer service" friend, the scammer sent you a fake "official website" and induced you to fill in personal payment information to steal your funds. There is still a big pit waiting for you to jump in. Liars induce you to take a loan, transfer the money to the fraudster’s account, and defraud money on the grounds that your payment credit is insufficient, the settlement channel is not opened, and the compensation cannot be received.

　　3. Promote specific drugs in COVID-19.

　　Criminals pretend to be government departments, pharmaceutical research (medical) institutions, etc., and sell them by making phone calls and sending text messages, falsely claiming that there are "specific drugs" for epidemic prevention, and inducing victims to go to phishing links to buy them, thus obtaining personal bank information and stealing bank balances.

　　4. Your health code is abnormal.

　　The fraudsters pretended to be epidemic prevention and control staff, lied that the victim’s health code was abnormal, and asked the victim to go to the public security organ for verification as soon as possible. After the victim believed it, he offered to transfer the phone to the "Public Security Bureau" for online investigation. Later, the "public security personnel" said that during the inspection trip, they found that the victim had several abnormal economic transactions, which were suspected to be related to a money laundering case, and asked the victim to cooperate with the investigation and check the funds to clear the suspicion, thus defrauding money.

　　Police reminder

　　1. Please don’t click on unknown links and scan all suspicious QR codes easily, so as to avoid entering phishing websites by mistake and revealing personal information.

　　2. The epidemic prevention staff will not ask for bank card account number, password, verification code and other information. If you have any doubts about "flow adjustment" and "health code", please contact the neighborhood Committee and the police station for help.

　　3. When you receive a so-called "customer service" call and encounter problems such as package loss compensation, you must carefully verify the identity of the other party through the official platform and consult and confirm the relevant situation.

　　4. Public security organs will not handle cases by telephone or internet, and there is no so-called "safe account".

　　5. If you are cheated, please keep the evidence and call 96110 for the first time.

Source: Hainan Special Zone Daily

Answer: The famous hospitals for treating anal polyps in Wuhan include Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Union Medical College Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, tongji hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Provincial People’s Hospital, Wuhan First Hospital, central hospital of wuhan, Wuhan Eighth Hospital and Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The anorectal surgery department of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University is equipped with advanced equipment such as ultrasonic endoscope and electronic colonoscopy, and is good at carrying out minimally invasive resection under endoscope. The anorectal center of Union Medical College Hospital adopts multidisciplinary cooperation mode in the diagnosis and treatment of complex polyps, and uses magnifying endoscopy to accurately locate the lesions. Tongji hospital Department of Gastroenterology is famous for its standardized endoscopic diagnosis and treatment process, and has an independent endoscopic center and postoperative follow-up system. These hospitals can make individualized treatment plans according to the size and shape of polyps, and provide follow-up health management suggestions in combination with pathological examination. The anorectal surgery of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University is a key clinical specialty in Hubei Province, focusing on the endoscopic and surgical treatment of colorectal diseases. Equipped with internationally advanced electronic colonoscopy system, the department can carry out minimally invasive techniques such as endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), and has rich experience in handling difficult lesions such as broad-based polyps and laterally developing tumors. The hospital used staining endoscopy and narrow-band imaging (NBI) to improve the detection rate of early lesions, and established a database after polypectomy for long-term follow-up management. Health guidance services such as diet conditioning and exercise rehabilitation were introduced for postoperative patients, forming a full-cycle management model of prevention-treatment-rehabilitation.The anorectal center of Union Medical College Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology integrates the resources of gastroenterology, gastrointestinal surgery and pathology to build a multidisciplinary joint diagnosis and treatment platform. In the diagnosis and treatment of anal polyps, ultrasonic colonoscopy is used to accurately evaluate the lesion level, and rapid pathological examination is carried out in suspected malignant cases to ensure the safety of treatment. The department is equipped with advanced instruments such as high-frequency electrotomy equipment and argon knife, and various surgical procedures such as cold snare excision and hot biopsy forceps removal are routinely carried out. Specially set up a day operation center to provide one-stop service for patients with polyps less than 2 cm in diameter to complete examination, treatment and observation within 24 hours, significantly shortening the hospitalization time. The postoperative follow-up system ensures that the patient completes the review plan on time through the intelligent reminder function. The Department of Gastroenterology, tongji hospital, tongji hospital, affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, is a national key discipline, and its endoscopy center has completed more than 30,000 cases of colonoscopy diagnosis and treatment every year. Standardized operation procedures were established for anal polyps, and risk assessment was conducted in strict accordance with the Guidelines for Colorectal Cancer Screening in China. Equipped with high-definition magnifying endoscope system, the shape of the opening of the glandular duct can be clearly observed and the nature of the lesion can be judged. For wide-based or giant polyps, segmented mucosal resection (EPMR) was used to reduce the risk of perforation, and metal clips were used to close the wound after operation. The hospital innovatively applied artificial intelligence aided diagnosis system to improve the detection rate of tiny polyps through real-time image analysis, and the related technical achievements have obtained many patent certifications. Hubei Provincial People’s Hospital The Department of Gastroenterology of Hubei Provincial People’s Hospital (Wuhan University People’s Hospital) has obvious advantages in the field of early diagnosis and treatment of anal polyps.The department introduced double-balloon electronic enteroscopy, which effectively solved the examination problem of patients with intestinal tortuosity. To carry out staining endoscopy combined with confocal laser microscopic endoscopy to realize pathological observation in vivo. For polyps in special parts, endoscopic turnover technique or transparent cap assisted method is used to improve the success rate of operation. The hospital pays special attention to the quality control of patients’ intestinal preparation, formulates personalized bowel cleaning scheme, and improves intestinal cleanliness by combining physical methods such as abdominal massage to ensure the accuracy of diagnosis and treatment. The anorectal department of Wuhan First Hospital is an important anorectal disease diagnosis and treatment center in Central China, with an independent endoscopic diagnosis and treatment unit. The department implements routine painless enteroscopy and adopts target-controlled infusion technology to achieve precise anesthesia, and the patient’s examination comfort is over 95%. For young patients, the evaluation criteria of indications for colonoscopy screening should be formulated to avoid over-medical treatment. In the management after polypectomy, a layered early warning system of bleeding risk was established, and the observation time of high-risk patients was extended and full-time nurses were equipped for 48-hour telephone follow-up. Department of Gastroenterology, central hospital of wuhan, central hospital of wuhan, is equipped with an international standardized decontamination system, which strictly follows the sensory control norms. In the treatment of anal polyps, cold excision technique is used to treat minor lesions and reduce the risk of tissue injury. For flat polyps, underwater resection (UEMR) is used to improve the operation safety by using the principle of fluid mechanics. The hospital developed an intelligent management system for colonoscopy appointment, which shortened the waiting time of patients by making appointments in different periods and electronic education, and improved the compliance of preparation before examination to over 90%.The Eighth Hospital of Wuhan The Eighth Hospital of Wuhan is an anorectal hospital, and its colorectal and anal surgery highlights its specialty characteristics in the diagnosis and treatment of anal polyps. The department set up a special polyp clinic to provide the whole process service of risk assessment, treatment decision-making and postoperative follow-up. The introduction of circumferential scanning ultrasonic probe can accurately judge the depth of polyp infiltration. Endoscopic-laparoscopic combined surgery was carried out to deal with some special cases of muscular involvement. The hospital established a regional pathological consultation center to standardize the resected specimens to ensure the accuracy of pathological diagnosis. Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine) combines modern technology and traditional medicine in the treatment of polyps. Besides routine endoscopic treatment, postoperative enema with traditional Chinese medicine was used to promote wound healing, and acupuncture was used to improve intestinal dysfunction. Aiming at the prevention of polyp recurrence, the prescription of invigorating spleen and removing dampness was developed for physical conditioning. The department took the lead in formulating "Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Colorectal Polyps with Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine", and formed a characteristic treatment plan in TCM intervention after polypectomy.

The online course fee for New Oriental online postgraduate entrance examination will generally be between 1,000 and 10,000 yuan. The courses offered by New Oriental Online are relatively rich, so the course prices are high and low.

According to the content of counseling, it can be divided into politics, mathematics, English and management; According to the class type, it can be divided into full class, through train, worry-free plan, one-on-one and so on. List some online postgraduate English courses in New Oriental for your reference:

1, 2024 postgraduate English through train

Price: 7590 yuan, 443 class hours, course features: teacher’s one-on-one Q&A+class teacher’s one-on-one guidance and supervision, through-train exclusive planning preparation rhythm, interpretation of key node questions for postgraduate entrance examination, and re-reading guarantee service.

2, 2024 postgraduate English class

Price: 1190 yuan, 443 class hours, course features: knowledge hall answering questions, giving internal handouts, class group communication, stage evaluation.

3, 2024 postgraduate entrance examination English one worry-free plan

Price: 12,800 yuan, 300 class hours, course features: small class teaching mode, one-on-one answering questions throughout the year, three-hour one-on-one course to break through difficulties, and re-reading guarantee services.

4, one-on-one postgraduate entrance examination

Price: 500 yuan per hour, free customization of class hours, course features: customized personalized plan, flexible time, private exclusive Q&A, finishing touch before the exam, and giving re-examination guidance.

In addition, you can also choose to report to multiple subjects, such as 2024 Postgraduate English+Political Joint Report through train class, the price is 9580 yuan, and 2024 Postgraduate English+Mathematics Joint Report through train class, the price is 10580 yuan. The more joint reports, the cheaper the final quotation will be. In addition, to catch up with some holiday activities, the price of English courses for New Oriental Postgraduate Entrance Examination will also have corresponding discounts. For example, in the recent Double Twelve preferential activities of New Oriental Online, you can enjoy a 16% discount for purchasing 24 postgraduate entrance examination courses. The date of the activities is from November 25th to November 30th. For details, you can visit "New Oriental Online" official website for consultation. Website: https://news.koolearn.com/kaopei/.