Intern: Don’t be an annoying "goose with a dull head"

There are always new faces in the office, so don’t ask, either interns or new employees on probation.

After a flash of two months, some of the new faces got what they wanted and became familiar faces in the square opposite; Some of them are a passer-by in the office who is forgotten in a blink of an eye; The worst thing is those who have been away for a long time and are still impressive: "It’s so wise of the boss not to let that person stay!"

In most cases, it’s not because everyone is narrow-minded, nor because that person’s ability is poor, mainly because he or she really doesn’t know how to deal with people. "Being a colleague with this kind of person is a disaster!"

A "goose with a dull head" that won’t roll over.

Audit by Daniel accounting firm

That time, there was a master of economics who was still on probation and went on a business trip with us to do projects in other places. At lunch time, as usual, we have to wait for the customer to have dinner together, but the customer is in a meeting, so we are not in a hurry, while continuing our work, we will wait slowly.

Everyone kept their heads down, but the master stood out from the crowd, looking around with his head held high and fidgeting. Finally, he couldn’t help saying to me, "When shall we finish?" Before he could answer, he changed his excited tone and raised his voice and said to everyone, "Well, I’ll sell it to everyone!" What do you want? " Hey! He didn’t want to think about it either. The client’s company is in the suburbs, and there is no shop within a few kilometers. Besides, we didn’t call ourselves hungry. We came to practice, so we were absent-minded!

That night, I worked overtime in the hotel. I stared at the computer, and he didn’t have much work at hand. He watched TV and glanced at me. Finally, he couldn’t help but ask, "What can I do for you?"

"have you done everything Senior arranged for you?" "Ready! Done! " "Then look at the working papers and learn more." After a silence, he suddenly said, "I’ll go to Senior and see what else she can do for me!" " Dizzy! It’s almost midnight! Sure enough, within two minutes, he turned back despondently. It turned out that Senior was taking a bath when he knocked at the door, so he had to open the door with a bath towel. He didn’t show any signs. At thirteen o’clock, he asked nervously, "What can I do?" Without saying anything, Senior slammed the door tightly …

"capable" "gifted scholar"

Staff of Henry IT company

Half a year ago, our department recruited two new people at the same time, one was a master of computer science in Tsinghua, and the other was an undergraduate in a third-rate university. Now, undergraduate students have turned positive, while master Tsinghua has long since disappeared.

The master’s degree is excellent. On the first day of work, a colleague asked him to use Excel to calculate a batch of data. He took a look and said, "This is too simple. I won’t do it. Do it yourself!" The undergraduate is a little girl with a sweet smile. If she doesn’t understand anything, she will ask her colleagues cleverly. When they answer, she will copy it in a small notebook and take it out for digestion during lunch break.

In the first half month, I didn’t see what the master was doing, except sending some funny emails to everyone with the company’s mailbox and always burying my head in typing. Half a month later, before the end of a regular departmental meeting, the manager fought back a smile and said, "A new employee in our department wrote a copy of" Ten Problems in Marketing Management "and gave it to the boss, who asked me to convey it at the meeting." He greeted the master who sat straight and looked proud. "Remember to send your own writing to everyone after the meeting …"

MM, an undergraduate, sat by and listened with a smile all the time. The meeting was held late that day, and there were only a few plates of leftovers when I went downstairs to eat. She suggested that everyone go to a small restaurant to have a rare tooth, and everyone responded. On the way, she went to the bathroom, and when we asked AA to pay the bill, she smiled and said, "I did. Everyone has a meal sticker, and it’s the same for you next time. "

At the end of the three-month probation period, the manager talked to the master about salary. His old man was rude: "Although I have a high degree, I don’t have high salary requirements, as long as the monthly salary is 7,000." After tax! " The manager’s face changed: "Our company does not talk about academic qualifications, but only about contributions. Even aunts who sweep the floor will get a reasonable salary as long as they do well. I’m sorry, I don’t think you are worth the price … "

"Are you almost finished?"

Miss Wang, media personnel

The most annoying intern I have ever seen in my life is in a public relations company.

That time I went to an activity, I arrived early, and my boss was busy around. She asked a new face standing by to greet me. The little boy introduced that he had just come to this company as an intern. If you need anything, just tell him. Just after a few commonplaces, he pulled into our newspaper: "Oh! Are you from XX? Are you almost finished? "

I froze for a while, making sure I heard it right. "Why do you …?"

"Ah, I used to practice in another newspaper, and they were very prosperous at that time, but it didn’t take long for me to practice, and it went downhill! I think your newspaper is so famous … "

I rolled my eyes and was not interested in talking to him. Later, in a chat, I casually mentioned it to his boss. She gasped and said, "I fired this child the next day. Do you know about verbal abuse? He told a reporter from another magazine that he didn’t have your good temper, so he found me on the spot with a pale face … "

Interns use me as a gun.

Amanda, marketing clerk

That little girl Stella, who has been an intern in our company for three days, "forced" everyone to walk around her-there are too many words!

Some colleagues privately said that she was "a rabbit" and her ears stood high all day. No matter what people were discussing, she would suddenly appear and insert a few words with confidence. Talking about advertising arrangements, she said she could go to the railway station to advertise, because there is a large flow of people there-please! Will the piles of migrant workers there buy our cosmetics? Complaining about the supplier, she interjected and said, "Forget it, do you want me to contact you?"-the activity is halfway through, so what a ghost! The most exaggerated thing is that she will ask "Is there any activity that I can cooperate with you recently"-an intern, how can there be "cooperation"?

At the dinner table, she made an open-minded inquiry, asked about the activities we were doing from the most basic definition of marketing, and then added "just right": "I read a book before, and it said …, is that what you mean?" -all know, why ask!

Later, it was getting too much! That time, she went to Frank, who was in charge of the promotion activities, to make a statement, but he bounced back because her suggestion was completely impossible to implement. "I’m bored to death by suggesting that I don’t’ pick up the scorpion’." Frank complained. Unexpectedly, she turned to me and asked me, "I have a suggestion. Can you help me transfer it to Frank?" "Why don’t you just tell him?" She blurted out, "He doesn’t seem very interested. Maybe it would be better if you helped me?" My heart is on fire-Frank bought my face, and on the surface, he naturally promised. However, as an intern, you dare to use me as a gun?

Be successful in my official career during the probation period.

The first 90 days of entering a new company are the most important. If you follow these principles, you can be invincible in the workplace!

■ Absorb knowledge like a sponge.

You need to do your homework, which includes studying the company’s website, reading the annual report, and understanding competitors, products and services.

■ Remember the names of everyone you meet.

Write down the names of everyone you have seen in the past few months, and remember their characteristics and work-if you can accurately name everyone, you will be liked by the other party, and being liked by everyone is the key to ensuring career development.

■ Study interpersonal relationships like "Eight Bitches"

Make good use of your eyes and ears to get to know the influential people without titles in the company. But in any case, don’t get involved in right and wrong.

■ Learn like idolize.

The boss wears the same clothes as the people at the next higher level, but he can’t dress more ostentatiously than he does. Your job is just to make your immediate superior feel that you look like someone from their company.

■ Work as hard as an ox

As a newcomer, you must make an impression of hard work. You need to arrive early and leave late.

In addition, there are some things that colleagues can do, but if you do, people will think that you are too idle. For example, forwarding humorous emails or making personal calls.

■ Activities that surround the company like flies.

This will show your enthusiasm for the company. But these activities had better be related to your work. If you are an intern in the marketing department, don’t be too interested in the media list of the public relations department, which will make people feel that you are looking forward to it.

　　Recently, annual economic reports have been published in various places, and the data of 15 new first-tier cities in 2020 have been announced.

　　By combing the GDP data of 15 new first-tier cities in 2020, CBN found that 13 of the 15 cities have exceeded the trillion-dollar mark. Among them, Chongqing and Suzhou exceeded 2 trillion yuan, closely following the first-tier cities. Xi ‘an ranks first in the growth rate of new first-tier cities.

　　According to the Business Charm Ranking of Cities in 2020 released by CBN New First-tier Cities Research Institute in June 2020, the 15 new first-tier cities in 2020 are Chengdu, Chongqing, Hangzhou, Wuhan, Xi ‘an, Tianjin, Suzhou, Nanjing, Zhengzhou, Changsha, Dongguan, Shenyang, Qingdao, Hefei and Foshan.

　　Catch up with first-tier cities, Chongqing and Suzhou exceed 2 trillion.

　　The data shows that in 2020, the total GDP of 15 new first-tier cities reached 20,716.422 billion yuan, accounting for 20.4% of the country.

　　Among the 15 cities, 13 cities have GDP exceeding the trillion yuan mark, and 2 cities have GDP exceeding 2 trillion yuan, namely Chongqing and Suzhou. Among them, Chongqing ranks first in the new first-tier cities with 2500.279 billion yuan. Among all the cities in China, Chongqing’s GDP ranks fifth after Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen and Guangzhou.

　　In 2020, the total GDP of Chongqing is only 1.632 billion yuan less than that of Guangzhou, the fourth first-tier city. In the future, the total GDP of Chongqing is likely to surpass Guangzhou and enter the top four ranks.

　　At present, Chongqing is still accelerating the pace of industrialization and urbanization. The data shows that in 2020, the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size in Chongqing increased by 5.8% over the previous year. In terms of three categories, the added value of mining industry decreased by 0.6% over the previous year, manufacturing industry increased by 6.4%, and electricity, heat, gas and water production and supply industries increased by 2.1%. The eight pillar industries continued to recover, and the automobile, electronics and materials industries greatly promoted the industrial growth of the city, with the added value increasing by 10.1%, 13.9% and 7.1% respectively over the previous year. Equipment, medicine, consumer goods industry and energy industry increased by 2.9%, 4.5%, 0.8% and 0.9% respectively.

　　Peng Peng, executive chairman of Guangdong Provincial System Reform Research Association, analyzed the First Financial Report. Chongqing’s population and geographical area are much larger than those of Guangzhou. Under the new development pattern of double circulation, its advantages will be more obvious. In addition, the huge population will be transferred to cities and towns, which will have a great pulling effect on infrastructure construction and real estate. There is a high probability that the total GDP will surpass Guangzhou in the future.

　　After Chongqing, Suzhou’s GDP in 2020 was 2,017.05 billion yuan, an increase of 3.4% over the previous year at comparable prices. The total GDP ranked second among new first-tier cities and sixth among all cities in China. It is worth noting that Suzhou is also the only ordinary prefecture-level city among the six cities that have broken through the 2 trillion yuan mark, and is also known as the "most cattle prefecture-level city".

　　Data show that last year, Suzhou achieved a general public budget revenue of 230.3 billion yuan, an increase of 3.7% over the previous year, making it the fourth largest city in China for the first time. There were 29 new domestic and overseas listed companies, including 25 domestic A-share listed companies. There are 181 listed companies at home and abroad, including 144 domestic A-share listed companies, ranking fifth in the country.

　　Ding Changfa, an associate professor in the Department of Economics of Xiamen University, analyzed the First Financial Report. Suzhou is backed by Shanghai, "enjoying the cool under a big tree", and the spillover effect of Shanghai is particularly obvious. Strong scientific and educational resources and modern service industries have promoted the transformation and upgrading of Suzhou.

　　The data shows that in 2020, the number of high-tech enterprises declared, recognized, net increased and effective in Suzhou reached a record high. At the end of the year, the number of effective high-tech enterprises reached 9,772, approaching 10,000, continuing to rank fifth in the country, second only to the four first-tier cities in Guangzhou, Guangzhou and Shenzhen.

　　Chengdu’s GDP ranks third in new first-tier cities with 1.77 trillion yuan. In recent years, Chengdu’s high-tech industry has developed rapidly. According to previous reports from Chengdu media, in 2020, it is estimated that there will be more than 1,900 high-tech enterprises in Chengdu, with an increase of over 40%, and the total number is expected to exceed 6,100. At the same time, it is estimated that the annual revenue of high-tech industries will exceed 1 trillion yuan.

　　The fourth place is Hangzhou. After the epidemic, Hangzhou’s digital economy has accelerated its development and the inflow of talents has accelerated. According to the data of Hangzhou Municipal Bureau of Statistics, in 2020, the added value of the core industries of digital economy in the city was 429 billion yuan, up 13.3%, 9.4 percentage points higher than the GDP growth rate, accounting for 26.6% of GDP, up 1.9 percentage points from the previous year; The added value of digital content, software and information services, and electronic information products manufacturing industries were 311.3 billion yuan, 344.1 billion yuan and 109 billion yuan, respectively, up by 12.7%, 12.9% and 14.7%. The artificial intelligence industry continued to grow, achieving an added value of 34 billion yuan, an increase of 8.2%.

　　This year’s work report of the Hangzhou Municipal Government shows that in 2020, the attraction of Hangzhou to outstanding talents will continue to increase. In 2020, Hangzhou introduced 436,000 college students under the age of 35, and the net inflow rate of talents continued to rank first in the country.

　　13 cities exceed one trillion, and Dongguan has a foot in the door.

　　Wuhan, which was most affected by the epidemic, saw its GDP decrease by 4.7% in 2020, ranking fifth after Hangzhou in the new first-tier cities.

　　Nanjing is a typical example of the rise of a strong province in recent years. As one of the five largest cities with the most concentrated higher education resources in China, Nanjing ranks third in the country in terms of comprehensive strength in science and education, second only to Beijing and Shanghai, and has many powerful universities such as Nanjing University and Southeast University. In recent years, Nanjing has given full play to its strong advantages in science and education resources, vigorously built a famous science and technology city and developed emerging industries. In 2020, the total GDP of Nanjing will enter the top ten for the first time among all cities.

　　Despite being surpassed by Nanjing, Tianjin’s GDP in 2020 also exceeded 1.4 trillion yuan, which is not far from Nanjing. Qingdao, Changsha and Zhengzhou all exceed 1.2 trillion yuan, and the gap between them is also very tight.

　　As a manufacturing city, Foshan entered the trillion-dollar mark in 2019, and continued to relegate successfully in 2020, staying in the trillion-dollar club. Hefei and Xi ‘an, two cities with strong provinces, entered the ranks of trillion clubs for the first time in 2020. Among them, Xi ‘an became the first trillion-dollar city in the northwest.

　　Together with Hefei and Xi ‘an, among the 15 new first-tier cities in 2020, 13 cities have already entered the trillion-dollar club, and only Dongguan and Shenyang have not yet been shortlisted. Among them, Dongguan, as an important reserve army of a trillion-dollar club city, was temporarily stranded in 2020.

　　Hu Gang, president of South China Urban Research Association and professor of Jinan University, analyzed CBN, and found that Dongguan will be greatly impacted by the export-oriented economy in 2020. Affected by the epidemic, a large number of migrant workers found it difficult to return to their posts in the first quarter of 2020, and many orders could not be completed; After April, the export was blocked again. However, with the rebound of orders, according to the current situation, Dongguan will have a high probability of breaking through the trillion-dollar mark in 2021.

　　In contrast, Shenyang, the only new first-tier city in Northeast China, is still far from the trillion-dollar mark. According to the data released by Shenyang Municipal Bureau of Statistics, the city’s GDP in 2020 is 657.16 billion yuan, which is 0.8% higher than the previous year at comparable prices, and the total economic output is only 26.3% of that of Chongqing, which ranks first.

　　From the perspective of growth rate, several new first-tier cities with faster growth rate are mainly cities with strong provinces, among which the top five are Xi ‘an, Nanjing, Hefei, Chengdu and Changsha. Among them, Xi ‘an ranks first in the new first-tier cities with a growth rate of 5.2%. In addition, Hefei, Changsha and Chengdu also come from the central and western regions.

　　Ding Changfa told CBN that with the rise of comprehensive costs in coastal developed areas, a large number of industries moved to the central and western regions. In this process, the central and western regions, especially the cities with strong provinces, became the focus of industrial and population agglomeration, and the economic growth rate was relatively fast.

　　On the other hand, after China’s economic development has entered a new stage of transformation and upgrading, the advantages of provincial capital cities in science, education, medical care and culture have become increasingly prominent, the development of high-tech industries in provincial capital cities has accelerated, the city’s primacy has also been continuously improved, and the ability to gather surrounding resource elements and drive and lead the surrounding development has been continuously enhanced.

　　In contrast, the cities with slow growth rate, except Wuhan, which was hit hard by the epidemic, are mainly from Northeast China and North China, and Dongguan and Foshan, where the coastal export-oriented economy accounts for a relatively large proportion.

Why did Changsha waste store dump the leftover bits and pieces of thousands of stores?

Recycling is hard to sell. There used to be 1,500 stores, but now there are 200: the more they are torn down, the more they are padded.

With the profit of waste recycling getting smaller and smaller, street vendors who recycle waste are becoming less and less common. (data picture)

"Waste, color TV refrigerator washing machine … books and newspapers … beer bottles …"

Hearing shouts coming from the alley, Wang Miao ran out. Five minutes later, the 14-year-old color TV at home changed its owner.

Half an hour later, this color TV set was sent by Lao Li to the waste recycling station in Zhushanyuan, Changsha, and sold to 80 yuan. Lao Li earned 10 yuan on this trip.

The data shows that in 2015, 1.7 million tons of waste electrical products were recycled and dismantled in China, with an output rate of 98.2% and an economic value of 4.95 billion yuan. However, when the reporter visited the recycling destination of used household appliances, he learned that the number of waste materials recycling shops in Changsha has been greatly reduced, and now there are only more than 200. Moreover, qualified waste household appliances dismantling enterprises are also facing a series of problems such as difficult recycling and difficult capital operation. ■ Trainee reporter and Tingting

survey

Profits fell, and waste shops in Changsha dropped sharply.

On the afternoon of August 13th, the reporter went to Zhushanyuan Waste Recycling Station where Lao Li resold color TV sets, and found that the site of nearly 20 square meters was filled with plastic and some old household appliances, and the carefree and boring proprietress was dressing up.

"It has been open for more than ten years, and now even the children can’t afford to study. My husband has already switched to the construction site as a temporary worker." When it comes to business, the proprietress has some complaints.

"I feel that business is getting worse every year, and now many waste shops are closed." Wife of shop-owner looking at the outdoor sun, some low tone.

"There are indeed many closures. At present, there are only more than 200 waste recycling shops in Changsha." Zhou Wei, secretary-general of Changsha Renewable Resources Recycling Association, said that around 2009, there were more than 1,500 waste recycling shops in Changsha at the peak.

It is understood that the reason for the closure of many waste recycling shops is the serious decline in profits. Boss Liu of the recycling station of renewable resources in Maojiaqiao Lane has been engaged in this line for many years. "I used to collect three plastic bottles for one dime, but now I can collect six. What do you think?"

Profits have declined, but daily expenses such as rent and labor have increased year by year. Unsustainable bosses can only change careers or close their doors.

In the investigation and interview, the reporter learned that many recycling shops simply disassemble the used household appliances that arrive at the store or send them to individual small workshops for disassembly, and most of them are resold to the second-hand household appliances market, and the profit margin can be imagined. "There are only a few people, so how can we have the energy to make a fine disassembly?" Boss Liu said frankly.

In fact, waste household appliances have huge invisible wealth. Data show that from 2012 to 2015, nearly 200 million sets of discarded electrical and electronic products were recycled in China, and 195 million sets were dismantled. Among them, in 2015, 1.7 million tons of waste electrical products were dismantled, and the output rate was as high as 98.2%.

In addition to waste stations and small individual workshops, many enterprises also took a fancy to this piece of cake, and some enterprises specializing in dismantling came into being. There are four such enterprises in Hunan. "Last year, the number of waste’ four machines and one brain’ theoretically produced in our province was about 2 million units, and these four enterprises dismantled about 4 million units. They digested most of the waste household appliances in our province." Zhou Wei said.

However, these qualified formal dismantling enterprises have also encountered difficulties. Zhuzhou Kaitian Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd. is one of the four qualified dismantling enterprises in Hunan, with an annual dismantling capacity of about 800,000 units. Li Jun, the company’s new business development department minister, was deeply touched. "There are more and more scrapped household appliances dismantled, but less and less money is made."

question

The more demolition, the more the enterprise advances.

"At present, the recycling price of a waste household appliance is around 80 yuan, and the management and dismantling cost is 25 yuan, and the total expenditure cost is about 105 yuan. Dismantling a home appliance can probably generate value around 35 yuan, plus the fund subsidy around 75 yuan, and the profit of each home appliance is probably above 5 yuan. " Li Jun calculated an account.

But this is only an ideal account book.

"Our dismantling subsidies in the third and fourth quarters of last year have not yet been put in place, so the company has been paying for it." Li Jun said.

According to Li Jun, an enterprise with an annual dismantling capacity of 1 million household appliances needs to pay about 40 million yuan in advance for the fund subsidy of 75 yuan, excluding the dismantling value of 35 yuan. "In addition, enterprises will still have some stocks, and the basic amount of funds will be around 40 million to 50 million."

"Now there are three mountains on the head of our dismantling enterprises. The first mountain is the continuous decline in the prices of bulk commodities. Second, the price of recycling keeps rising. Third, with the massive dismantling in recent years, the amount of used household appliances has gradually decreased. " Zhou Jun, general manager of Hunan Wanrong Technology Co., Ltd. said.

trace to the source

What is the crux of the problem ?

The recovery system is not perfect

What is the crux of the recycling of used household appliances?

Zhou Wei introduced that China’s fund subsidy policy is biased towards the management and subsidy of dismantling enterprises, but it does not set certain thresholds or requirements for circulation links such as waste stations at the front end. Therefore, it can be collected by walking the streets and lanes, and three or two sets can also be collected, and the recycling price is also difficult to control.

Moreover, the policy model of domestic fund subsidies is borrowed from foreign countries. However, abroad is an extension of producer responsibility system and consumer responsibility system, and not only producers but also consumers have to pay for the disposal of used waste household appliances. However, there is still a lack of consumer responsibility system in China, and residents’ treatment of used household appliances is sales, and whoever bids high will sell it to them.

"In the 1970s and 1980s, recycling enterprises were state-owned, and they had a complete system. Nowadays, recycling enterprises are private, and their fundamental attributes are profit-seeking, big profits, small profits, and no profits. So far, the domestic recycling system has been imperfect. " Zhou Wei said.

suggestion

Transformation and upgrading

Self-built recycling channel

Zhou Jun said that in the face of the current difficult recycling situation, enterprises need to be deep and refined at the front end, build their own recycling channel system and increase recycling efforts.

"The imperfect recycling system has restricted the development of many waste electrical appliances dismantling enterprises in the province. Two years ago, one or two of the 10 discarded electrical appliances dismantled by the company were recycled through its own channels, and now the proportion has increased to 7-8. In this way, the industrial chain can be moved forward ecologically. On the one hand, it reduces circulation links to avoid scalpers raising prices, on the other hand, it can guarantee the quality of home appliances. " Zhou Jun said.

Tang Qinqin, president of the Provincial Chamber of Commerce for Household Electrical Appliances Industry, believes that a rental platform for household electrical appliances can be established, and the whole process of product sales-reservation-installation-maintenance (-subletting)-recycling-dismantling-scrapping can be completed on this platform, so as to realize the full integration of electronic products from factory to scrapping. This can not only ensure the whole process of product control, but also reduce circulation links and save costs. In addition, the form of leasing is also conducive to improving the reuse rate of products and promoting the recycling of resources.

　　On the morning of February 15th, Weibo Yongning Education, the official announcement of Yongning County Education and Sports Bureau of Yinchuan City, Ningxia, said that on February 13th, Yongning County Education and Sports Bureau received the related questions from Yongning Middle School teacher Wu Fan on the Internet and immediately intervened in the investigation.

　　After investigation, the teacher made inappropriate remarks unrelated to the teaching content during the online teaching on April 16, 2020, which had a negative impact. According to the detailed rules for the implementation of the measures for the treatment of primary and secondary school teachers’ violation of professional ethics in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Trial), the Yongning County Education and Sports Bureau decided to give Wu Fan an order to check, and in informed criticism, the county’s education system, the qualification for evaluation and evaluation was cancelled within two years; Informed criticism, the principal of Yongning Middle School in the county education system.

　　According to the report, the person in charge of Yongning Middle School and the teachers involved have actively communicated with the students and parents, sincerely apologizing, and the students and parents expressed their understanding. In the next step, Yongning County Education and Sports Bureau will further standardize teachers’ teaching behavior and vigorously improve teachers’ ideological and political quality, moral cultivation and professional level. Thanks to netizens, students and parents for their supervision and support. (The Paper reporter Lu Xinwen)

Xiaobian once had an article showing part.American phrases that confuse the BritishNow let’s change our minds and look at some confusing English phrases. The origins of some idioms or idioms commonly used by the British are ambiguous, which makes the pro-British people afraid that they are not used to these unusual expressions.

1. They’re chalk and cheese. What does it mean?

A. They’re very different.

B. They’re looking pale.

C. They’re very fickle.

2. Bob’s your uncle! What does it mean?

A. You used nepotism.

B. What a coincidence!

C. You come from a rural area.

D. The task is easily achieved.

3. I’ve known her for donkey’s. What does it mean?

A. I’ve known her for a very long time.

B. She’s a jerk.

C. I don’t trust her.

D. I know a lot of her secrets.

4. Something for the weekend. What does it mean?

A. A condom

B. A time-consuming hobby

C. Marijuana

D. A duvet

5. At Her Majesty’s pleasure. What does it mean?

A. A lazy morning

B. Waiting for somebody slow

C. A beautiful sunset

D. In prison

6. Swings and roundabouts. What does it mean?

A. Ways of avoiding problem

B. Obstacles that prevent you getting somewhere

C. Gains and losses that offset each other

D. Perks of a job that aren’t mentioned in the job advert

7. Horses for courses. What does it mean?

A. Somebody wearing cloths suited to a younger person

B. Food that looks good by tastes terrible

C. A very competitive race

D. Different things suit different people

8. He’s got the hump.

A. He’s in love

B. He’s very hungry

C. He’s annoyed

D. He can drink a lot of alcohol without getting drunk

9. I need to spend a penny

A. I’m addicted to candy

B. I can’t afford to go abroad this year

C. I need to go to the toilet

D. I need to change my shoes

10. He’s on the pull

A. He’s going to get promoted

B. He relies on charity

C. He’s hoping to have sex with someone

D. He’s driving

Are you ready to read the answer? Pull down!

1. A

"challenge and cheese" is equivalent to "apples and oranges" said by Americans. It describes that two things or people are completely different or completely incompatible. The usual sentence pattern is "like/as different as challenge and cheese", for example, we’ll never get on-we’re like challenge and cheese.

2. D

"Bob’s your uncle" is said to have originated from Arthur Balfour. He was appointed to several prestigious positions by his uncle Robert Cecil (nicknamed Bob), and now it is used to indicate that he can finish a task easily. For example, put together a couple of kitchen fittings, buy a coffee machine and Bob’s your uncle.

3. A

"Donkey’s" is usually a shorthand for "donkey’s years". At first, it may be written as donkey’s ears, which means that something is very long in length, but now it means a long time. For example, we’ve been close friends for donkey’s years.

4. A

Incredibly, "Something for the weekend" refers to condoms. People usually think that this is a euphemism when barbers selling condoms sell them to customers, such as "something for the weekend, sir? "

5. D

"His Sharp Practice Costhim a $ TERM at Her Majesty’s pleasure", if someone at her majesty’s pleasure, then he is being held in a British prison. This phrase was formed because the monarch initially had the right to decide freely whether to detain someone.

6. C

Swings and roundabouts in British English mean "different actions or choices will eventually lead to no gains or losses, or gains and losses will offset each other". Does it mean that different roads lead to the same goal, or that the lost corner will reap the mulberry? A more complete phrase is "to gain on the swings and lose on the roundabouts". For example, I don’t want to have to, but it’s swings and roundabouts

7. D

Horses for courses is an English proverb, which means "different people are suitable for different things", and its origin is the phrase "different race horses would be better on different race courses/different horse races have better performances on different tracks", which really has their own strengths or different meanings. For example, so I’m not interested in politics, it’s horses for courses.

8. C

The origin of the phrase get/have/give someone the hump is not clear, and it may be related to camels, which means "to become angry or lose one’s temper for no reason", such as "fans get the hump when they lose" or "debate has been beening about road safety, with people across London getting the hump."

9. C

In Britain, it used to cost a penny to use a coin-operated public toilet once, which is a euphemism for the phrase spend a penny instead of "urinating", such as "you can’t get to sleep when you want to spend a penny".

10. C

There seems to be a clear correlation between pull and attributes in the example. The phrase on the pull refers to an attempt to attract someone to bed in British informal context, such as "an eligible bachelor on the pull" or "I remember now why I’m not interested in going on the pull."

(Source: Oxford Dictionary WeChat WeChat official account Editor: Julie)

　　Cctv news(Reporter Xu Hui) On May 25th, global vision and unbounded trade — — Cross-border e-commerce innovation and development forum was held in Guiyang. Participants explored the global market opportunities under the new trade pattern around cutting-edge topics such as the new cross-border e-commerce policy, China’s brand going out to sea under the new rules, the precision of cross-border supply chain and the expansion of effective imports.

　　The forum was hosted by the Organizing Committee of 2019 China International Big Data Industry Expo and the Trade Promotion Center of China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, and hosted by china network television.

　　The "first half" of cross-border e-commerce has not yet ended, and there is huge room for development.

　　In the keynote speech stage of the forum, Wang Shengli, deputy director of the Law Enforcement Inspection Bureau of the State Administration of Market Supervision, Xu Min, vice president of Procter & Gamble Group, and Lu Chengnan, executive vice president of Zhejiang E-commerce Promotion Association, expressed their views on the development, problems and future development of cross-border e-commerce.

　　In his speech, Wang Shengli expressed his views on cross-border e-commerce and intellectual property protection. He introduced that in 2018, the total import and export volume of cross-border e-commerce retail in China reached 134.7 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 50%. Cross-border e-commerce brings convenience to our lives, but it also brings infringement problems. The intellectual property infringement of cross-border e-commerce is currently characterized by online and offline integration and domestic and overseas chaining.

　　Wang Shengli said: Since its establishment last year, the State Administration of Market Supervision has earnestly performed its functions of enforcing intellectual property rights and achieved positive results. In the next step, the State Administration of Market Supervision will carry out in-depth special governance actions in the field of e-commerce, strengthen the linkage with customs, public security and other departments, and focus on behaviors that infringe consumers’ right to know and choose with strong public reaction and great social harm.

　　Xu Min, vice president of Procter & Gamble Group, said that cross-border e-commerce has really facilitated trade, especially allowing consumers in China to buy the best products in the world, and it can also encourage multinational companies to accelerate product innovation. Xu Min expects cross-border e-commerce to develop better from the perspective of merchants.

　　Lu Chengnan, executive vice president of Zhejiang E-commerce Promotion Association, said that cross-border e-commerce directly faces overseas consumers, which shortens the whole trade process on the one hand, and can also establish our own brand through consumers on the other. He said that so far, more than 30 cities in China have implemented comprehensive pilot projects of cross-border e-commerce and achieved very good results. However, in the long run, cross-border e-commerce still has great market demand and a lot of room for development.

　　"E-commerce Law" provides "China Plan" for the development of world e-commerce.

　　In the round-table discussion stage, the guests discussed the opportunities and challenges of cross-border e-commerce under the influence of new policies and regulations, and the cross-border e-commerce and China corporate brands going out to sea.

　　Song Minqing, a researcher at the Department of Electronic Commerce and Information Technology of the Ministry of Commerce, said that the Electronic Commerce Law is the first comprehensive basic law in the field of electronic commerce and is of great significance to the sustainable and healthy development of electronic commerce. The law adheres to the principle of consistency between online and offline, treats online and offline business activities equally and promotes the integrated development of online and offline. "This law not only provides a legal basis for the development of domestic Internet economy, but also provides ‘ China plan ’ 。”

　　Ouyang Cheng, director of cross-border electronic commerce Research Center of Alibaba, said in his speech that Alibaba regards the development of cross-border e-commerce not only as the development of trade, but also as the global development of a whole set of new commercial infrastructure capabilities. With the development of cross-border e-commerce, Alibaba’s Alipay and Ant Financial are also rapidly globalizing.

　　Zhou Yixia, sales director of UPS China in East China and North China, appealed to China’s e-commerce enterprises to respect the rules if they want to go out. "If you want to go out and go for a long time, you really need to pay this time and energy now. ‘ Compliance ’ This road is paved. "

　　Gou Yiyuan, general manager of COFCO Trade and Agriculture Big Data Co., Ltd. said in his speech: "What we have to do is to drive the development of supply chain and the landing of standards in the future through data, so that our traditional industries can go to cross-border e-commerce."

　　At the event site, Guiyang Comprehensive Bonded Zone Management Committee, Guiyang Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese and China-Europe and China Trade and Science Association held a signing ceremony of cooperation framework agreement.

　　Karel Snow, Consul General of the Czech Consulate General in Chengdu, expressed the hope that this signing will lay the foundation for the establishment of a long-term cooperative partnership between the two countries in the future and open the door for new cooperation.

　　"This agreement is only the first step of our cooperation, and I firmly believe that there will be more follow-up cooperation," said Leiden Markles, president of China-Europe and China Trade and Technology Association.

　　Beijing, 4 Dec (Reporter Chen Jinsong)-The 70th anniversary of the founding of China Braille Publishing House and the international seminar on visually impaired education were held in Beijing a few days ago. Zhang Jianchun, Vice Minister of Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China, and Cheng Kai, Chairman of China Disabled Persons’ Federation, attended the event and made speeches.

　　Zhang Jianchun pointed out that the Disabled Persons’ Federation of Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China and China attached great importance to the cultural cause of the blind, and adopted various measures to strengthen the publication of Braille books, implemented the digital reading promotion project for the blind, constantly expanded the supply of high-quality cultural products and services, helped the blind friends to learn culture, acquire information and master skills, and established and enhanced their courage and confidence in life and work. China Braille Publishing House, as the only comprehensive cultural publishing institution serving the blind in China, has made great contributions to serving the overall situation of the work of the Party and the state, meeting the spiritual and cultural needs of the blind and promoting the prosperity and development of cultural undertakings for the blind.

　　More than 300 people attended the event, including responsible comrades from relevant departments and directly affiliated units of Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China, Ministry of Education and China Disabled Persons’ Federation, and experts in the field of visually impaired education at home and abroad. At the event site, YTO Express Co., Ltd. donated 3 million yuan to China Braille Publishing House to carry out the public welfare project of "Dream Blind Children Leading to the Future". (People’s Daily Overseas Edition)

Among the Chinese patent medicines approved for registration in China, some are compound preparations of Chinese and western medicines, that is, Chinese patent medicines containing chemical drugs. Doctors, pharmacists and patients must be aware that this kind of preparation can not be used only as general Chinese patent medicine. If you don’t pay attention to the prescription ingredients, it will lead to repeated medication. When combined with chemical drugs, we must first find out the ingredients to avoid abuse and cumulative application with chemical drugs to prevent adverse reactions and serious function and organ damage.

Share the efficacy and western medicine ingredients of 110 kinds of Chinese patent medicines containing western medicine ingredients for your reference in study and work!

Anticold medicine

The product name and efficacy contain western medicine ingredients, such as Pugan Tablet, pungent and warm to relieve exterior symptoms, and dispel cold. It can be used for relieving exterior symptoms, clearing away heat, dispelling wind and relieving pain, such as headache, limb soreness, fever, sneezing, runny nose, thin and white cough phlegm caused by wind-cold type cold and influenza. It can be used for treating severe cold caused by exogenous pathogenic factors and stagnation of heat, with symptoms of aversion to cold, high fever, headache, limb aches, sore throat, stuffy nose, cough, etc. Analgin and chlorphenamine maleate can dispel wind, detoxify and relieve pain. Used for fever, aversion to cold, stuffy nose and runny nose at the beginning of a cold. Acetaminophen and chlorphenamine maleate Sukankang capsules have the functions of clearing away heat and toxic materials, diminishing inflammation and relieving pain. Acetaminophen, chlorpheniramine maleate and vitamin C Sukegan tablets (capsules) are used to clear away heat and toxic materials, dispel wind and relieve pain, for headache, nasal congestion and runny nose, yellow cough, sore throat and gingival swelling and pain caused by wind-heat cold, influenza and upper respiratory tract infection. Acetylsalicylic acid, chlorphenamine maleate and vitamin C Suganning capsules are used for clearing away heat and toxic materials, diminishing inflammation and relieving pain. It can be used for relieving exterior syndrome caused by wind-heat cold, influenza and upper respiratory tract infection, such as headache, body pain, stuffy nose, runny nose, yellow cough, gingival swelling and pain, etc. Acetaminophen, chlorphenamine maleate, vitamin C and vitamin C Yinqiao tablets are pungent and cool, clearing away heat and toxic materials. Used for relieving exterior syndrome caused by influenza, such as fever, headache, dry mouth, sore throat, etc., acetaminophen, chlorphenamine maleate and vitamin C Qiangli Ganmao tablet (Qiangli tablet), clearing away heat and toxic materials,Antipyretic and analgesic. Acetaminophen Ganmaoqing tablet (capsule) is used for dispelling pathogenic wind, relieving exterior syndrome, clearing away heat and toxic materials for colds, fever, headache, dry mouth, cough and sore throat. Acetaminophen, chlorpheniramine maleate, and maringuanidine hydrochloride suganning capsules are used for clearing away heat and toxic materials, diminishing inflammation and relieving pain for wind-heat common cold, fever, headache, nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, sore throat and general aches. It can be used for clearing away heat and toxic materials for common cold, influenza, sore throat and parotitis in children. It can be used for relieving fever and pain of wind-heat common cold, mumps and laryngitis with acetylsalicylic acid Ganmaoling capsule (granule). Acetaminophen, chlorphenamine maleate and Caffeine Ganteling capsules are used for clearing away heat and toxic materials, clearing away lung heat and relieving cough. It is used for clearing away heat, detoxicating and relieving exterior syndrome caused by cough, runny nose, headache, dizziness and other symptoms in the early stage of cold. It can be use for relieving exterior syndrome, clear away heat and toxic materials with acetaminophen, chlorphenamine maleate and compound Ganmaoling tablets (capsules) of moroxydine hydrochloride. It can be used for relieving exterior symptoms, clearing away heat and toxic materials, such as fever, slight aversion to wind-heat-cold, headache, dry mouth, stuffy nose, sore throat, cough, yellow and sticky phlegm, paracetamol, chlorphenamine maleate and caffeine Jinling Ganmao tablets. Acetylsalicylic acid, chlorphenamine maleate and vitamin C Yinju Qingjie tablets are used for colds and upper respiratory tract infections, which are pungent and cool, clear away heat and toxic materials.It can be used for treating exogenous wind-heat, fever, aversion to cold, headache, cough, sore throat, etc. Acetaminophen, chlorphenamine maleate, new compound isatis indigotica leaves, clearing away plague, diminishing inflammation and relieving fever. It can be used to relieve fever, headache, nasal discharge and nasal discharge, joint pain, acetaminophen, vitamin C, caffeine, and pentobarbital Kangganling tablets. It can be used for treating nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy throat, cough and headache, aches all over the body, persistent high fever and complications such as tonsillitis and lymphadenitis caused by cold. Acetaminophen Guanhuang Ganmao Granule can cool the exterior, disperse the lung and relieve cough. It can be used for relieving fever and pain of wind-heat common cold, fever and aversion to wind, headache and nasal congestion, and cough with phlegm. Used for headache, fever, stuffy nose, cough and sore throat caused by common cold, acetaminophen, chlorphenamine maleate and caffeine.

Tonifying drug

The product name and efficacy contain western medicine ingredients, such as Lijiashou Tablet, which can tonify spleen and kidney, nourish yin and blood, improve intelligence and soothe the nerves. It can be used for fatigue, palpitation, insomnia, forgetfulness, frequent urination, etc. due to senility, and it can also be used for strengthening physique in the recovery period of chronic diseases. Vitamin E Weierkang capsule has the functions of strengthening spleen, strengthening body resistance, calming nerves and improving intelligence, and delaying aging. It can be used for the elderly who are weak, forgetful, dirty and impatient, and the elderly with dark spots. It can also be used as an auxiliary treatment for hypochondriac pain, fatigue and short breath. Vitamin E, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin B1 compound Ziziphus jujuba seed capsules nourish blood and soothe the nerves. L-tetrahydropalmatine Jianpi Shengxue Granule is used for invigorating spleen and stomach, nourishing blood and tranquilizing the mind. Used for iron deficiency anemia of children with spleen and stomach weakness and heart and spleen deficiency; Adult iron deficiency anemia with deficiency of both qi and blood. Symptoms include sallow or white complexion, anorexia, bloating, constipation, irritability, sweating, lassitude, fat and pale tongue, thin and white fur, and weak pulse. Ferrous sulfate Weixuekang syrup can tonify kidney and spleen, replenish blood and nourish yin, and is used for spleen and kidney deficiency, essence and blood deficiency, sallow complexion, dizziness and tinnitus, soreness of waist and knees, and fatigue and thinness. And nutritional anemia and iron deficiency anemia belong to the above syndromes, and ferrous sulfate Shenqi Lidekang tablets can invigorate qi and nourish blood, and promote yang and stomach. For deficiency of qi and blood, stagnation of qi in middle energizer, fatigue, inappetence, poor sleep and diarrhea, Vitamin E Yikang capsule can regulate the whole body metabolism, restore cell vitality, improve cardiovascular function, strengthen the brain, keep fit, delay aging, and strengthen the body resistance. Can be used for treating coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia, cerebral arteriosclerosis, and senile vision loss.Vitamin E and Vitamin A anti-brain-failure capsules have auxiliary therapeutic effects on hypothyroidism and chronic senile bronchitis, and have the functions of tonifying kidney and replenishing essence, benefiting qi and nourishing blood, strengthening body and strengthening brain. It is used for nourishing liver and kidney, nourishing heart and tranquilizing the mind, such as mental fatigue, insomnia, dreaminess, dizziness, weakness and memory loss caused by deficiency of kidney essence and liver deficiency and blood deficiency. For patients with liver and kidney deficiency, mental dystrophy, forgetfulness, insomnia, dysphoria, MUBI, hot flashes, night sweats, mental fatigue and neurasthenia, vitamin E and vitamin B1 Gengnianshu tablets nourish liver and kidney, nourish yin and blood, remove blood stasis, regulate menstruation, regulate temperature, kidney, nourish nerves and regulate metabolism. For menoxenia, dizziness, palpitation, insomnia caused by climacteric disorder, oryzanol and vitamin B6 Gengnianling capsule are used to warm kidney, benefit yin and tonify yin and yang. The capsule (tablet) of oryzanol, vitamin B6 and vitamin B1 Yujinfang, which is used for women with climacteric syndrome of deficiency of both yin and yang, can tonify primordial qi, nourish liver and kidney, and regulate qi and blood. Indications: palpitation and thoracic obstruction caused by deficiency of vital energy and deficiency of liver and kidney. It can be used for treating coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, asthenia, senile plaque and premature senility, including procaine hydrochloride, benzoic acid, potassium sulfite, vitamin B1, vitamin E, dicalcium phosphate and vitamin C.

hypotensor

The name and efficacy contain western medicine ingredients, Zhenju Jiangya Tablet, to lower blood pressure. Clonidine hydrochloride for hypertension and hydrochlorothiazide for lowering blood pressure and avoiding wind tablets for clearing heat and calming liver, and hydrochlorothiazide for headache and dizziness caused by excessive liver and gallbladder fire.

Digestive medication

Compound Tianqi weitong tablet (capsule) contains western medicine ingredients, which can make acid and relieve pain, regulate qi and remove blood stasis, warm the middle warmer and strengthen the spleen, and stop bleeding. It can be used for treating hyperacidity, epigastric pain, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer and chronic gastritis. Magnesium oxide and sodium bicarbonate Shenqu Weitong tablets (capsules) can relieve pain, promote granulation, regulate qi, strengthen spleen and promote digestion. It can be use for treating hyperacidity, stomachache, dyspepsia, and anorexia. compound Chenxiangwei tablet of aluminum hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate can promote qi circulation, regulate stomach, stop acid and relieve pain. It can be used for treating epigastric pain due to qi stagnation, abdominal distension, belching and acid swallowing, and gastric and duodenal ulcers and chronic gastritis with the above symptoms. Sodium bicarbonate, heavy magnesium carbonate and aluminum hydroxide Zhenhuangwei tablets are fragrant and invigorating the stomach, promoting qi circulation and relieving pain, stopping bleeding and promoting granulation. It can be used for treating epigastric distension and pain, anorexia and acid regurgitation caused by qi stagnation and blood stasis, dampness and turbidity, and for patients with peptic ulcer and chronic gastritis who see the above symptoms, calcium carbonate Huowei capsule (powder) can regulate qi and stomach, reduce adverse reactions and stop vomiting. It can be used for treating fullness of chest and ribs, epigastric pain, dysphoria, vomiting, acid swallowing, dyspepsia, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate Weining powder (Xintong oral liquid) and stomach pain caused by liver depression and spleen-stomach disharmony. It can be used for treating digestive tract ulcer with sodium bicarbonate and magnesium trisilicate Compound Houtou Granule for flatulence, abdominal pain and dyspepsia. Used for gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, chronic gastritis, aluminum sulfate, bismuth subnitrate, and magnesium trisilicate Kuiyangning tablets to make acid, relieve spasm, relieve pain, stop bleeding, adjust gastrointestinal function, and promote the healing of ulcer surface. For gastric and duodenal ulcer, vitamin U, atropine sulfate, hydrochlorothiazide and procaine hydrochloride Guhaisheng tablets are used to invigorate qi and spleen, promote qi circulation and relieve pain, promote blood circulation and regulate muscles.Furazolidone, sodium carbenoxolone and berberine hydrochloride tablets are used for clearing away heat and toxic materials, resisting bacteria and stopping dysentery, which are caused by spleen deficiency, qi stagnation and blood stasis. For acute dysentery, enteritis and diarrhea with damp-heat syndrome, trimethoprim Xiaoyan Zhililing tablets have the functions of clearing heat, eliminating dampness, resisting bacteria and diminishing inflammation. It can be used for clearing away heat and cooling blood, strengthening spleen and regulating stomach, and relieving acid and pain. It can be used for stomach heat burning, epigastric pain, nausea and acid swallowing, anorexia and fatigue, chronic gastritis, and gastric and duodenal ulcer. Bismuth nitrate, magnesium oxide, and aluminum hydroxide Chen Xiang Lu Bailu tablets can strengthen the stomach, regulate qi and relieve pain. It can be used for treating gastric ulcer, erosive gastritis, hyperacidity, acute and chronic gastritis, gastrointestinal neurosis and duodenitis, etc. Sodium bicarbonate, bismuth subnitrate, magnesium oxide and magnesium carbonate.

Diabetics

The product name and efficacy contain western medicine ingredients, such as Xiaoke Pill, nourishing kidney and yin, benefiting qi and producing essence. It can be used for diabetes with deficiency of both qi and blood (non-insulin-dependent diabetes). Symptoms include thirst, polydipsia, polyphagia, hunger, emaciation, fatigue and weakness, shortness of breath and laziness, etc. Glibenclamide Xiaotangling Capsule has the functions of benefiting qi and nourishing yin, clearing away heat and purging fire, benefiting kidney and reducing urine. Glibenclamide for diabetes mellitus

Antitussive, antiasthmatic and expectorant drugs

Product name and efficacy contain western medicine ingredients, such as Tankejing Powder, dredging orifices and smoothing qi, diminishing inflammation and relieving cough, and promoting expectoration. It can be used for treating cough, excessive phlegm, shortness of breath and asthma caused by acute and chronic bronchitis, pharyngolaryngitis, emphysema, etc. Caffeine Ansou syrup can moisten lung, eliminate phlegm, and relieve cough and asthma. It can be used for clearing away heat and toxic materials, resolving phlegm and relieving cough, such as phlegm-heat blocking lung, shortness of breath, cough with sticky phlegm, thirst and dry throat, ephedrine hydrochloride and ammonium chloride Qingke powder. It can be used for relieving asthma, relieving cough and eliminating phlegm in acute and chronic pharyngolaryngitis caused by phlegm-heat resistance and upper respiratory tract inflammation. Used for relieving cough and eliminating phlegm with chlorphenamine maleate and Clenbuterol Iulian Rosu Kepipa syrup for acute and chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma. Used for eliminating phlegm and relieving cough with ammonium chloride sufeike syrup for bronchitis caused by common cold. Ephedrine hydrochloride and ammonium chloride shufei syrup can be used for relieving cough and phlegm due to cough, asthma, excessive phlegm and bronchitis. It can be used for relieving asthma, eliminating phlegm, tranquilizing and relieving cough in acute and chronic bronchitis. It can be used for relieving asthma, eliminating phlegm, relieving cough and diminishing inflammation with chlorphenamine hydrochloride and decloxizine Qing ‘an Chuanding hydrochloride tablets for bronchial asthma and chronic tracheitis. Clenbuterol Kechuan Plaster is used for relieving cough and asthma, promoting diuresis and eliminating phlegm for chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma. It can be used for clearing away lung-heat, relieving cough and relieving asthma, such as simple chronic tracheitis, asthmatic chronic tracheitis and asthma (except those caused by heart). It can be used for relieving cough, resolving phlegm and relieving asthma with ephedrine hydrochloride and ammonium chloride Tianyi Zhike syrup.Ephedrine hydrochloride and ammonium chloride mango Zhike tablet are used for treating common cold, cough, excessive phlegm, bronchial asthma and other diseases. Used for cough, asthma and phlegm. Chlorphenamine Hydrochloride Ketanqing Tablets can clear lung-heat, eliminate phlegm, relieve cough and asthma. Ephedrine hydrochloride and ammonium chloride Huatan Pingchuan tablets are used for clearing away heat and phlegm, relieving cough and asthma. It can be used for treating acute and chronic tracheitis, emphysema, cough with excessive phlegm, and asthma with chest fullness, warming kidney, absorbing qi, resolving phlegm and relieving asthma. Can be used for treating chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma and emphysema, and is especially suitable for relieving cough and phlegm with clenbuterol Zhenkening syrup for asthmatic bronchitis. Ephedrine hydrochloride and antimony potassium tartrate Xiaokening tablets are used for relieving cough and eliminating phlegm for colds, cough, bronchitis and asthma. It can be used for relieving cough, eliminating phlegm, relieving asthma and diminishing inflammation with ephedrine hydrochloride and calcium carbonate Keteling tablets (capsules). Used for relieving cough and chronic bronchitis, chlorphenamine maleate xiaotanke tablet can clear away heat, eliminate phlegm, and relieve cough and asthma. It can be used for relieving cough and expectoration, dispersing lung qi and relieving asthma in acute and chronic bronchitis with phlegm-heat syndrome, or with symptoms of wheezing, such as ipratropium hydrochloride, trimethoprim and sulfanilamide Anchuan tablets. It can be used for treating phlegm invading the lung, lung failure, chest distress, cough, wheezing, excessive phlegm, acute and chronic bronchitis with the above symptoms, such as chlorpheniramine maleate, clenbuterol, qigong tablet, tonifying kidney, invigorating qi, promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, relieving cough and eliminating phlegm. It can be used for treating lung and kidney deficiency, phlegm obstructing lung, chest distress, dyspnea, cough with excessive phlegm, soreness of waist and knees, chronic tracheitis and obstructive emphysema. Clentro

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular drugs

The name and efficacy of Zhijiangning tablets contain western medicine ingredients, such as activating qi and removing blood stasis, promoting blood circulation and dredging collaterals, benefiting essence and blood, and reducing blood fat. For chest pain, dizziness, tinnitus, numbness of limbs, hyperlipidemia or hyperlipidemia complicated with hypertension, coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis, etc. Vitamin C and aluminum clofibrate Guantong tablets can increase coronary blood flow, reduce coronary artery resistance, reduce myocardial oxygen consumption, and lower blood pressure. For coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, hypertension and other diseases, vitamin C and Maijunan tablets of isodeoxycholic acid can calm the liver, calm the wind, relieve muscle and relieve pain. It can be used for treating hypertension, headache, dizziness, neck pain, insomnia, palpitation, coronary heart disease, etc. Hydrochlorothiazide Mailuotong Granule can invigorate qi and promote blood circulation, remove blood stasis and relieve pain. It can be used for chest pain, chest distress, shortness of breath, headache, dizziness and angina pectoris of coronary heart disease caused by chest obstruction, as well as limb numbness and hemiplegia caused by stroke. Vitamin C and sodium bicarbonate compound Wurenchun capsule can clear away heat and promote gallbladder function, calm the liver and nourish blood, and reduce alanine aminotransferase. It can be used for treating persistent and chronic hepatitis with calcium carbonate, gallbladder nourishing, soothing liver, relieving pain, clearing away heat and promoting gallbladder function. Sodium cholate can be used for treating acute and chronic cholecystitis, biliary tract infection, gallbladder and biliary calculus.

Drugs for regulating qi and blood

The efficacy of Xinxuebao capsule contains western medicine ingredients, such as enriching blood and benefiting qi, strengthening spleen and regulating stomach. It can be used for gastrointestinal bleeding, hemorrhoid bleeding and menorrhagia, especially for iron deficiency anemia caused by pregnancy and partial eclipse, such as soothing liver, regulating qi, nourishing blood and regulating menstruation. Calcium carbonate for treating symptoms such as liver depression and blood deficiency, irregular menstruation, menstrual abdominal pain, amenorrhea, etc.

Drug use in five sense organs

The name and efficacy of nasal comfort tablets contain western medicine ingredients, which can clear away heat, diminish inflammation and induce resuscitation. It can be used to treat sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, headache, allergic rhinitis and chronic sinusitis caused by chronic rhinitis. Chlorphenamine maleate Biyankang tablet has the functions of clearing away heat and toxic materials, dispersing lung qi, dredging orifices, relieving swelling and pain. Used for acute and chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, etc. Chlorphenamine Maleate Kangle Biyan Tablet has the functions of dispelling wind, clearing heat, promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, eliminating dampness and inducing resuscitation. It can be used for clearing away heat and toxic materials, dispelling wind and inducing resuscitation, and treating colds, stuffy nose, and nasosinusitis (acute and chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, and sinusitis) caused by exogenous pathogenic wind, stagnation of heat in gallbladder channels, and damp heat in spleen and stomach. It can be used for treating allergic rhinitis, chronic simple rhinitis, headache, stuffy nose and runny nose caused by wind-heat accumulation.

Pediatric medication

Product name and efficacy contain western medicine ingredients. Xiaoer antipyretic suppository has antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used for strengthening spleen, promoting digestion and stopping diarrhea in children with fever such as common cold and upper respiratory tract infection. It can be used for treating dyspepsia, indigestion, abdominal pain and diarrhea, and compound sodium bicarbonate powder for expelling worms and resolving food stagnation. Levamisole Hydrochloride Linjiang Wind Medicine for Children Ascariasis has the functions of dispelling wind and clearing heat, inducing resuscitation and eliminating phlegm, calming the liver and calming the wind, and relieving static spasm. For children with acute and chronic convulsion; Syndrome of exterior-interior excess heat, such as excessive phlegm-heat and limb twitching, can strengthen the muscles and bones of acetaminophen Longmuzhuanggu Granule, regulate the stomach and strengthen the spleen. Can be used for treating and preventing rickets and rickets in children; It also has therapeutic effects on hyperhidrosis, night terrors, anorexia, dyspepsia, and developmental retardation in children. Vitamin D2 and calcium gluconate Xiaoer Zhike syrup can eliminate phlegm and relieve cough. Used for cough caused by children’s cold, ammonium chloride compound infantile antipyretic suppository has antipyretic and analgesic effects, sore throat and detoxification, expectorant and sedative effects. Acetaminophen is used for children with fever, upper respiratory tract infection, bronchitis, palpitation, sore throat and cough due to lung heat and phlegm.

for external use

The efficacy of Kecuoyintong cream containing western medicine ingredients inhibits the secretion of sebaceous glands and the growth of acne bacilli. It is used for clearing away heat and dampness, removing putrefaction and promoting granulation with trimethoprim, vitamin A and vitamin E Kun Jing suppository for blackheads, whiteheads and pustules. For vaginitis, cervical erosion, cervicitis, etc. with damp-heat downward flow, Furazolidone Penyan Qingshuan has the functions of clearing away heat and toxic materials, promoting blood circulation and dredging menstruation, and relieving swelling and pain. It can be used for toxic blood stasis, abdominal distension and pain, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, and excessive leucorrhea. As well as pelvic inflammatory disease and adnexitis, indomethacin centipede zhuifeng ointment can detoxify and promote granulation, reduce swelling and relieve pain. It can be used for treating malignant sores, carbuncle, carbuncle, carbuncle, carbuncle, scrofula, mastitis, and diphenhydramine hydrochloride wound, and can be applied to stop bleeding, diminish inflammation and heal wounds. Calcium oxide, furacilin and ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate for small-area surgical trauma. Musk ointment for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis has the functions of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, diminishing inflammation and relieving pain. It can be used for joint sprain, soft tissue contusion, acute lumbar sprain, lumbar muscle strain, scapulohumeral periarthritis, unhealed chilblain, erythema nodosum diphenhydramine hydrochloride and procaine hydrochloride for expelling wind, relieving itching, moisturizing and killing insects. Benzoic acid and salicylic acid Jinguning ointment are used for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, relieving swelling and pain, relaxing tendons and activating collaterals for tinea manus, tinea pedis, tinea cruris and tinea corporis. Used for stopping bleeding, relieving pain, diminishing inflammation, detoxicating and astringing with methyl salicylate and diphenhydramine hydrochloride Huazhi suppository for closed fracture and traumatic injury. It is use for promoting blood circulation, remove blood stasis, and relieving swelling and pain. It can be used for relieving inflammation and inducing resuscitation of functional disorder caused by hyperosteogeny, soft tissue injury and swelling and pain caused by Kaschin-Beck disease.Used for sterilization, anti-inflammation and antisepsis of ephedrine hydrochloride and diphenhydramine hydrochloride Laner powder for allergic rhinitis, acute and chronic rhinitis and sinusitis. For ear swelling, pus discharge, ear rot, ear bottom ulcer, zinc oxide, sulfadiazine and hafuron powder sterilization, anti-inflammatory, astringent and analgesic. It can be used for ear eczema, otitis externa and traumatic hemorrhage to relax bronchi with nitrofurazone Zhikeling aerosol. It can be used to treat bronchial asthma, asthmatic bronchitis and other symptoms, and clenbuterol powder can remove stagnation and blood stasis. Berberine and riboflavin for senile cataract and corneal nebula.

Other drugs

The product name and efficacy contain western medicine ingredients Xiaozhiling injection to astringe and stop bleeding. It can be used for internal hemorrhoid bleeding, internal hemorrhoid at various stages and varicose mixed hemorrhoid injection Yaoxitong Capsule to relax tendons and activate collaterals, remove blood stasis and relieve pain, and promote blood circulation and dispel wind. It can be use for treating rheumatic arthritis, hypertrophic lumbar spondylitis, hypertrophic thoracic spondylitis, cervical spondylitis, sciatica, and lumbar muscle strain, and has effect in clearing away heat and toxic materials, promoting blood circulation, remove blood stasis, relieving swelling and pain. Indomethacin Qianglikang Granule can be used to strengthen the body resistance and strengthen the body, such as throat tumor, toothache, hypochondriac pain, jaundice, nameless swelling caused by heat toxin and blood stasis. Vitamin E is used for various tumors during radiotherapy and chemotherapy, acute and chronic hepatitis, leukopenia and chronic diseases.

Source: Drug circle network users finishing

Original title: "Chaoquan: 110 kinds of Chinese patent medicines containing western medicine! (Schedule) "

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　　[Editor’s Note] Although patent standardization can promote innovation, improve efficiency, reduce consumers’ adaptation costs and eliminate international trade barriers, it also greatly enhances the position of standardization organization participants in patent licensing negotiations, leading them to demand unfair, unreasonable and discriminatory patent licensing fees from standard users, namely patent licensees. Therefore, the patent system needs to fully consider the connection with the standard, and further improve the patent system related to the standard, especially the patent licensing fee system. This paper analyzes the system related to the standard-related essential patent in combination with the legal application of the US court and the China court in the cases of Microsoft v. Motorola and Huawei v. American Interactive Digital Company respectively.

　　I. Introduction

　　There is no unified and clear definition of Standards-Essential Patents, SEP) [1]. We believe that if the implementation of technical standards must be based on infringement of patent rights, even if there are other technologies that can be included in the standards, the patent is a necessary patent for relevant technical standards. Standard refers to a normative document that is formulated by consensus and approved by recognized institutions, used together and reused in order to obtain the best order in a certain range [2]. Although patent standardization can promote innovation, improve efficiency, reduce consumers’ adaptation costs and eliminate international trade barriers, it also greatly enhances the position of standardization organization participants in patent licensing negotiations, leading them to demand unfair, unreasonable and discriminatory patent licensing fees from standard users, namely patent licensees.

　　In order to seek a balance between technical standardization for public use and patent protection, ISO in its relevant intellectual property policies not only requires standard participants to disclose the patents they own or actually control to ISO in time, but also requires them to promise to license all standard implementers to use their patents on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms. This is the "FRAND" principle that the patentee of standard essential patent must abide by in the licensing of standard essential patent.

　　Take the European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI) as an example, the 4th.1 of its intellectual property policy stipulates: "During the development of the standards or technical regulations in which it participates, every member shall make reasonable efforts to inform ETSI of its necessary intellectual property rights in time. In particular, members who put forward technical suggestions for standards or technical specifications should draw ETSI’s attention in good faith to any intellectual property rights that may become necessary if their suggestions are adopted. " ETSI’s intellectual property policy 6.1 further stipulates: "If the necessary intellectual property rights related to a specific standard or technical specification have attracted ETSI’s attention, ETSI’s director-general shall immediately require the necessary intellectual property owner to make a written commitment within three months, and at least within the following scope, it is ready to grant an irrevocable use license under fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory conditions; Manufacturing, non-manufacturing or OEM are used to manufacture customized components or subsystems that meet the licensee’s own design standards; Sell, lease or otherwise dispose of the equipment manufactured in the above manner; Maintenance, use or operation of the above equipment; How to use it. "

　　However, the standardization organization has not made any provisions or expressed any opinions on how to judge the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard, which leads to difficulties. In April, 2013 and October, 2013, the US court and the China court respectively expressed their opinions on how to judge the FRAND standard essential patent license fee in the cases of Microsoft v. Motorola and Huawei v. American Interactive Digital Company. However, due to the differences in the cultural background and legal accumulation of the judges of the two countries, the judgments of the two countries have their own characteristics and show great differences. [3] Based on the judgments of the above two cases, this paper makes a comparative study on several issues related to the calculation of essential patent royalties of FRAND standard, and draws some possible beneficial conclusions on this basis.

　　Second, the FRAND standard essential patent related system policy considerations

　　In the case of Huawei v. Interactive Digital Corporation of America, in order to evaluate the standard necessary patent license fees in line with the FRAND principle, the courts of first and second instance mainly considered the following three policy factors: total control, anti-patent hijacking and anti-patent license fee stacking. The first is total control, which means that the license fee of standard essential patent cannot exceed a certain proportion of the product profit of standard essential patent users. The courts of first and second instance of Huawei case held that technology, investment, management and labor jointly created product profits, and patented technology only created one factor of product profits. Therefore, the license fee required by the patentee should not exceed the total profit of users’ products in any case, otherwise, the license fee cannot be considered as conforming to the FRAND principle. The second is anti-patent hijacking. Patent hijacking refers to the ability of the patentee to claim more than the value of the patented technology itself and the ability to try to grab the value of the technical standard or regulation itself. In the judgment of Huawei v. American Interactive Digital Company, the courts of first instance and second instance did not explicitly use the concept of "anti-patent hijacking", but both courts held that the patentee of standard necessity should not profit from the standard itself, and its contribution lies in innovative technology rather than the standardization of its patent. That is to say, the two courts actually think that the necessary patent license fee should prevent the occurrence of patent hijacking. The third is Anti-Royalty Stacking.Stacking of patent license fees refers to the phenomenon that the licensee pays many different standard essential patentees over the license fees for one standard. Huawei’s courts of first and second instance both hold that a standard or technical specification contains many standard essential patents, and any standard essential patentee can only get the license fee due to him.

　　Different from the judgment of Huawei v. American Interactive Digital Company, the judge of Microsoft v. Motorola clearly used the concepts of anti-patent hijacking and anti-patent license fee stacking in addition to the above three policies, and also considered the following two policy factors. First, the necessary patent licensing fees of FRAND standards should be maintained at a level that can promote the wide adoption of standards, which is also the main purpose of ISO [4]. Second, the method of determining the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard should ensure that valuable patents can get reasonable royalties in order to establish truly valuable standards, which is also one of the goals of ISO [5].

　　Comparatively speaking, the judge in the case of Microsoft v. Motorola has considered the policy factors involved in the calculation of FRAND standard essential patent license fees more comprehensively, which is conducive to better balancing the interests of standard essential patentees, standard users and social public interests. In this regard, as stated in the judgment of Microsoft case, if the standard essential patent license fee is too high, although not using ISO standards may mean huge market entry barriers for market participants, if the standard essential patent license fee is higher than the cost for market participants to overcome market entry barriers, market participants will choose not to adopt ISO standards, which is very unfavorable for the popularization and application of standards. On the other hand, the creation of valuable standards is of great benefit to the whole society, but valuable standards depend on valuable technology. After the valuable technology is included in the standard, the patentee will lose the basic incentive to participate in the standardization organization if he can’t get reasonable and sufficient royalties, or even get less royalties than before being included in the standard. Of course, there are many necessary patents in a standard, but the technical content and contribution rate of each patent cannot be completely consistent. How to ensure that patents with more technical content and greater contribution to the standard get more royalties is also a problem that FRAND principle must consider. It is a great pity that the policy considerations in the first and second judgments of Huawei v. American Interactive Digital Company failed to involve the above two extremely important factors.

　　Most importantly, when determining the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard, the first-instance and second-instance judgments of Huawei v. American Interactive Digital Company considered the above three policy factors, but they were limited to general analysis, and this general analysis was not further applied to the specific analysis of the case. For example, the judgments in the first and second instance of Huawei case did not examine how many standard essential patents existed in WCDMA, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA and other standards involved, how many of these standard essential patents belonged to China standard essential patents, how many of these standard essential patents belonged to American Interactive Digital Company, and what specific standards were involved in the China standard essential patents of Interactive Digital Company. The judgments in the first and second instance of Huawei case also failed to examine the contribution of China standard essential patents of American Interactive Digital Company to relevant specific standards, which products of Huawei used these China standard essential patents of American Interactive Digital Company, and what contribution these standard essential patents of American Interactive Digital Company made to Huawei products. Although it is difficult to investigate and analyze these factors, the courts of first and second instance of Huawei case have to face them because these factors are closely related to whether the patent license fee demanded by American Interactive Digital Company constitutes patent hijacking and patent royalty stacking.

　　Different from Huawei’s first-instance and second-instance judgments, Microsoft’s judgment solved the above problems as much as possible despite great difficulties. The Microsoft case first determined that Motorola had the necessary patents in H.264 and 802.11 standards. In order to establish the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard related to H.264 standard, the Microsoft case first analyzes the development background and technical context of H.264 standard, including the development time of the standard, the technical characteristics and level of the standard itself, patents related to the standard, and Motorola’s contribution in the development and establishment of the standard. Secondly, the contribution of Motorola patent to H.264 standard is analyzed. The Microsoft case first identified six patent families that Motorola is necessary for H.264 standard, and then analyzed the contribution of each patent family to H.264 in detail. Thirdly, the Microsoft case judgment analyzes the contribution of Motorola patents to Microsoft products. The Microsoft case first determines that Microsoft’s products using H.264 include Windows, Xbox, Silverlight, Zune, Lync and Skype, and then reviews the contribution of each patent family of Motorola to each of the above products.

　　In order to establish the license fee of FRAND standard essential patents related to the 802.11 standard, the Microsoft case first examines the development history of the standard, and then reviews the relative technical value of different parts of the 802.11 standard, covering the number of all patents of the 802.11 standard, the number of Motorola patents in the 802.11 standard, the number (11) of Microsoft’s use of Motorola 802.11 standard essential patents and products, and the impact of Motorola’s 11 standard essential patents on 8001.

　　Third, the economic analysis of FRAND standard essential patent related system

　　Next, the specific method of calculating the standard necessary patent license fee is analyzed. In the case of Huawei v. Interactive Digital Corporation of America, neither Huawei as plaintiff nor Interactive Digital Corporation of America as defendant put forward a specific method to calculate the standard and necessary patent license fee in accordance with the FRAND principle. The calculation method adopted in the judgments of first instance and second instance is the comparison method. The so-called comparison method, according to the understanding of the court of second instance of Huawei case, means that the standard essential patent holder should charge the standard essential patent implementer basically the same license fee or adopt basically the same license fee under the condition of basically the same transaction conditions. Under basically the same trading conditions, if the standard essential patentee gives a licensee a lower license fee and gives another licensee a higher license fee, by comparison, the latter has reason to think that it has been discriminated against, so the standard essential patentee violates the promise of non-discriminatory use license. In order to carry out the above comparison method, the first and second judgments of Huawei case selected the standard essential patent license fee granted by American Interactive Digital Company to Apple as the reference object, and therefore determined that the standard essential patent license fee granted by American Interactive Digital Company to Huawei should be roughly the same as that granted to Apple.

　　The so-called choice of the standard necessary patent license fee given by Interactive Digital Company to Apple in the first and second judgments of Huawei case is mainly based on the following two aspects of evidence: First, a statistical and analytical report by the world-renowned analysis company STRATEGY ANALYTICS Inc In this report, STRATEGY ANALYTICS Inc counts and analyzes the shipments, market share, net sales and operating income of several famous global mobile phone providers from 2007 to 2012. Nokia, Samsung, Apple, LG Electronics, RIM, Motorola, HTC and Sony are all on its analysis list, but Huawei is not on its analysis list. According to the analysis report and forecast, Apple’s sales from 2007 to 2012 were about $300 billion, and Samsung’s net sales were about $209.751 billion. Second, in the third quarter of 2007, Interactive Digital signed a global, non-transferable, non-exclusive patent licensing agreement with a fixed license fee with a license period of seven years from June 29th, 2007. The licensed patent portfolio covers the then IPHONE and some future mobile phone technologies. In 2009, Interactive Digital signed a patent licensing agreement with Samsung and its subsidiaries.Grant Samsung a non-exclusive fixed patent license fee for terminal equipment and infrastructure under 2G and 3G standards worldwide, with the license period ending in 2012. However, the difference between the licensing agreement signed by American Interactive Digital Company and Samsung Company and the licensing agreement signed with Apple Company is that the former is a voluntary licensing agreement reached through equal consultation, while the latter is a licensing agreement that Samsung Company was forced to sign when American Interactive Digital Company filed a lawsuit. The meaning of the first-instance and second-instance judgments in Huawei case is very obvious. That is to say, the license granted by American Interactive Digital Company to Apple is voluntary, so it conforms to the FRAND principle, while the license granted to Samsung is very likely involuntary, so it does not conform to the FRAND principle. Therefore, the license fee of the former can only be used as a reference for the calculation of the necessary patent license fee of the FRAND standard in this case.

　　Although the comparison method is a simple and easy method, it is very necessary to list all the elements of the compared object as much as possible in order to obtain a more reliable comparison conclusion. It is a great pity that although the judgments of the first and second instance of Huawei case put forward the premise of "roughly the same trading conditions", they did not tell people what the "trading conditions" referred to here are and what the "trading conditions are the same" referred to here from the perspectives of evidence and legal reasons. By comparison, the court finally determined that American Interactive Digital Company should pay Huawei the China standard necessary patent license fee. The only possible evidence is that from 2007 to 2012, Apple’s net sales exceeded Huawei’s net sales of mobile phones. However, even so, the standard necessary patent license fee that American Interactive Digital Company hopes to obtain from Huawei in its last offer is calculated according to the sales of Huawei’s final mobile phone products, and the term is from 2009 to 2016. In this way, in order to make a scientific comparison, the courts of first and second instance of Huawei case should at least investigate and estimate Huawei’s net sales from 2009 to 2016, or the net sales from 2007 to 2012 in the same period as Apple. Regrettably, the judgments in the first and second instance of Huawei case did not touch on this issue. Under the condition that the minor premise of comparison and reasoning has not been solved, it is debatable whether the comparison conclusion is scientific or not. Besides,When the courts of first and second instance of Huawei case used the standard necessary patent license fee given to Apple by American Interactive Digital Company as a reference, they did not examine whether the license fee was in line with the core value pursued by FRAND, that is, to promote the entry of valuable technologies and the standard itself was widely adopted. If the answer is no, whether the judgment conclusion obtained by comparison can stand is also a question worthy of further consideration.

　　In the case of Microsoft v Motorola, Microsoft, as plaintiff, and Motorola, as defendant, respectively put forward their own methods to calculate the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard. The method proposed by Microsoft is "Incremental value approach". This method pays attention to the situation before the standard is adopted and implemented. The specific operation method is: in order to calculate the economic value of the patented technology included in the standard, we can compare other alternative technologies that can be included in the standard and calculate the specific value of the alternative technology, so as to obtain the value of the patented technology necessary for the standard. The Microsoft case court did not adopt this method proposed by Microsoft. The reason of the court is that this method is not practical. Even so, the Microsoft case court still held that the FRAND royalty must evaluate the value of the patented technology itself, which needs to consider the importance and contribution of the patent to the standard, so comparing the value of the patented technology with the alternative technology that can be included in the standard by the standardization organization can be used as a reference when determining the FRAND royalty. The method proposed by Motorola is a hypothetical bilateral negotiation method. Motorola claims that the authorization conditions of FRAND can be determined by simulating hypothetical bilateral negotiation under the obligation of FRAND authorization.

　　In principle, the Microsoft case adopts the hypothetical bilateral negotiation method, but it has been revised. The reason why the judgment in Microsoft case supports this method is mainly based on the following reasons: the hypothetical negotiation method is supported by authorized negotiation in the real world, and previous courts have made judgments by using this method. In the case of Georgia-Pacific Corp. V. United States Plywood Corp., (318 F. Supp. 1116 (1970)), the court simulated hypothetical bilateral negotiations to determine reasonable royalties through 15 analytical factors, and gained rich experience. When the court simulates a hypothetical bilateral agreement under the obligation of FRAND authorization, it should logically come to the standard necessary patent royalties that both parties consider to be FRAND.

　　However, the Microsoft case judgment did not simply copy the 15-factor analysis method proposed by Georgia-Pacifico judgment. The reasons include: First, the standard necessary patentee must grant the patent under the FRAND authorization conditions, while the patentee who has not assumed the same obligation has complete exclusive rights and can choose not to grant the patent. Second, hypothetical negotiation will hardly take place in a vacuum, and standard users will inevitably realize that there are many different essential patentees and their standard essential patents in the standard. Just because they are authorized by a single standard essential patentee does not mean that the standard can be implemented. On the basis of criticizing and absorbing the above two methods put forward by the original defendant, and on the basis of Georgia-Pacific15 analysis factors, the Microsoft case judgment puts forward a revised hypothetical negotiation method. At the same time, on the issue of patent hijacking, the negotiating parties will investigate the reasonable royalty ratio of FRAND authorization commitment according to the contribution of patent technology to standard technical capability and the contribution of standard technical capability to standard users and products using standards. In this way, an essential patent that is extremely important and key to the standard can reasonably require a higher royalty ratio than a less important essential patent. As for the stack of patent fees, the negotiating parties will consider the existence of other standard essential patentees, and each standard essential patentee will claim the patent fee according to the importance of its patent to the standard and the product of the standard implementer, and reach the royalty ratio on this basis. Finally,Under the condition of FRAND commitment, the rational negotiation parties seeking a reasonable royalty ratio will consider the fact that in order to promote the creation of valuable standards, FRAND authorization commitment must ensure that the owner of valuable intellectual property rights obtains a reasonable royalty for the intellectual property rights. Comparatively speaking, Huawei’s judgment basically failed to consider the above analysis factors because it used a relatively simple comparison method, and the rationality of its judgment should be said to have room for further improvement.

　　Four, the FRAND standard necessary patent license fee calculation.

　　So, how exactly to calculate the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard? As mentioned above, the judgment of Huawei case simply obtained the necessary patent license fee of FRAND China standard that American Interactive Digital Company can claim from Huawei by comparison method, and did not see the specific calculation process and the logical process in the calculation process, so there is not much to be discussed in depth. Based on the judgment of Microsoft case, this part analyzes the specific calculation of the necessary patent license fee of FRAND standard.

　　During the trial of Microsoft case, both Microsoft and Motorola put forward their own calculation methods that can be used as the ratio comparison of FRAND royalties. The calculation method put forward by Motorola is that 2.25% of the net sales price of Microsoft’s products with Motorola’s standard essential patents, Windows and Xbox, should be used as the royalty ratio of Microsoft’s authorization to use the patent portfolio with H.264 and 802.11 standards. In order to support its claim, Motorola cited one of the above analysis factors in Georgia-Pacific case, and put forward three sets of existing patent licensing agreements as established royalties for reference. However, the judgment of Microsoft case did not adopt the comparison method proposed by Motorola, and thought that the authorization agreement proposed by Motorola had no reference value for the FRAND royalty ratio of this case. The reason is that the license agreement proposed by Motorola is a litigation settlement agreement, and the actual royalty paid in some license agreements is far less than the amount requested in this case. The value proportion of standard essential patents in some license agreements cannot be distinguished, and the standard essential patents involved in some license agreements have passed the protection period. At the same time, the Microsoft judgment holds that even if Motorola’s above-mentioned royalty ratio for calculating its standard essential patents is correct, Motorola’s royalty required for its 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio will obviously cause concern about royalty stacking. Accordingly, the Microsoft case decided that,Motorola’s 2.25% royalty rate related to H.264 and 802.11 standards does not conform to the FRAND principle.

　　The comparison objects proposed by Microsoft include the practical operation methods of two patent pools, one is MPEG LA H.264 patent pool, and the other is Via Licensing 802.11 patent pool, as well as an authorization agreement and a patent authorization evaluation suggestion. Regarding whether the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264 can be used as a reference for the necessary patent royalty ratio of the FRAND standard in this case, the Microsoft judgment gave a positive answer. The reason for the decision in Microsoft case is that FRAND royalties should be in line with the purpose of promoting the widespread adoption of SSOs standards and attracting a wide range of patentees to put their patents into the patent pool, and MPEG LA H.264 patent pool can just achieve the purpose of SSOs. The evidence in this case shows that, on the one hand, when Microsoft, Motorola and other enterprises created the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264, the royalty ratio set was high enough to attract a considerable number of patentees to put their patents into the patent pool; on the other hand, the royalty ratio set was low enough to ensure that enough standard users were willing to use the patented technology in the H.264 standard instead of alternative technology. This approach coincides with the basic principles of FRAND’s authorization commitment. In addition, the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264 also echoes another basic principle of FRAND’s authorization commitment, that is, to create valuable standard technologies.

　　Then, how did the Microsoft case judge calculate the necessary patent fees of FRAND standard related to H.264 standard that Motorola should obtain? According to the Microsoft case, Motorola’s royalty from the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264 includes two parts. Part of it is the appropriate royalty that should be allocated according to the number of patents from the royalties obtained from the patent pool as a member of the patent pool. The other part is the value of Motorola’s unrestricted access to a large number of technologies contained in the patent pool, that is, the royalties that should be obtained from the unrestricted internal cross-licensing of patent pool members, or the identity value of Motorola as a member of the patent pool. Regarding the former part of the royalties, the Microsoft case decided that according to the total amount of royalties obtained from the external license of the MPEG LA H.264 patent pool and the number of standard necessary patents of Motorola in the patent pool, the royalties that Motorola should receive were 0.185 cents for each product of Microsoft. Regarding the latter part of the royalties, that is, the identity value of Motorola as a member of the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264, the only relevant evidence in this case is that after Microsoft joined the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264, the fees paid to the patent pool were twice as much as the royalties obtained from the patent pool, which shows that the reason why Microsoft joined the patent pool is that it pays more attention to its identity as a member of the patent pool than the royalties that can be obtained from the patent pool. Because of this identity,Microsoft can clear all the obstacles of rights and use the patented technology in the patent pool without restriction. In other words, Microsoft believes that the membership of the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264 is at least equivalent to twice the value of its royalties. On this basis, the judgment in the Microsoft case presumes that, in the absence of other obvious evidence, like Microsoft, Google, the parent company of Motorola, also thinks that its membership in the MPEG LA H.264 patent pool is equivalent to providing it with twice the value of the royalties it should get as a licensor. The judgment in the Microsoft case further infers that the sum of the two royalties (0.185+2×0.185) is 0.555 cents, which is the FRAND royalty that Motorola should get from Microsoft for every product that uses Motorola’s standard essential patent. However, this is only the lower limit of FRAND royalty ratio of Motorola’s H.264 standard essential patent portfolio. According to the Microsoft case, in order to prevent the stack of royalties, the upper limit of FRAND royalties must also be calculated. On the basis of comprehensive analysis of all kinds of evidence, the upper limit of Motorola H.264 standard essential patent portfolio rights calculated by Microsoft case is $0.16389 per single product, which is applicable to Microsoft’s Windows and Xbox products.

　　With regard to the patent pool of Via Licensing 802.11, although the judgment in Microsoft case noted that it, like the patent pool of MPEG LA H.264, did not distinguish the technical value of patents in the patent pool, but distributed the royalties equally, which led to its failure to attract patentees and standard implementers, and failed to encourage the wide adoption of the standard of Via Licensing 802.11, because of its certain characteristics, the judgment in Microsoft case held that it could still be used as a reference for FRAND royalty ratio. For example, the patent pool of Via Licensing 802.11 mainly focuses on specific standards and covers the same products with the same end use as the disputed products in this case. In addition, the evidence shows that although the actual operation of the patent pool failed to achieve the purpose of promoting the wide adoption of standards, its establishment still followed this purpose, so the royalty ratio it established can still be used to show what kind of royalty ratio is in line with the FRAND principle in specific industrial activities. On this basis, the Microsoft case decided that the patent pool of Via Licensing 802.11 can be used as a reference for the FRAND royalties of Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio. Based on the same reasoning as the H.264 patent pool, the Microsoft case decided that if Motorola participates in the Via Licensing 802.11 patent pool, it can obtain other value equivalent to twice the royalties collected through the patent pool.

　　The judgment of Microsoft case holds that the parties to hypothetical negotiation will regard the patent pool of Via Licensing 802.11 as a reference for the necessary patent royalties of the 802.11 standard, and determine the FRAND royalties on this basis. In the Microsoft case, Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent has only a small technical value to the 802.11 standard, so in their hypothetical negotiation, Microsoft and Motorola will think that the royalty ratio of 6.114 cents per single product estimated according to the patent pool practice will be higher than the FRAND royalty ratio that Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio should receive.

　　During the trial, Microsoft proposed that the royalty rate paid by Marvell Semiconductor,Inc, a third-party company, for its patents in Wi-Fi chip products could be used as a reference for the FRAND royalty rate of the 802.11 standard essential patents in this case. The judgment of Microsoft case holds that the royalty ratio of the third-party company provides "the usual royalty ratio that can be obtained in a specific commercial field" for this case. Therefore, it is held that 1% of the price of each single chip implementing the 802.11 standard, that is, 3 to 4 cents per single chip, can be used as a reference for the royalty ratio of Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio.

　　The third reference to the FRAND royalty ratio of Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio determined by the Microsoft case judgment is a patent authorization evaluation model developed by Intercap, Inc. in 2003. The Microsoft case decided that the evaluation method of InterCap,Inc conforms to the basic principle of FRAND authorization commitment, because it considers the value of 802.11 standard technical function to the overall product function and the stacking of royalties, so it can be used as a reference for the appropriate FRAND royalty ratio of 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio. However, the judgment of Microsoft case also holds that the evaluation method of InterCap,Inc exaggerates the importance of Motorola’s standard essential patents to the 802.11 standard, so its appropriateness is impaired. In the hypothetical negotiation between Microsoft and Motorola, although the royalty assessed by InterCap,Inc will be used as a reference for FRAND royalty, the royalty ratio will be adjusted to 0.8 to 1.6 cents per single product.

　　According to the above analysis, the judgment of Microsoft case holds that in order to estimate the FRAND royalty ratio, it is reasonable for both parties to hypothetical negotiation to take the average of the above three reference values as the royalty ratio. The specific algorithm is to average the lowest value evaluated by InterCap,Inc at 0.8, and the royalty ratio authorized by Marvel Wi-Fi chips is averaged at the average value within its range of ((3+4)/2)3.5. On this basis, the average value of the three references is calculated to be 3.471 cents ((0.8+3.5+6.114)/3), which is the FRAND royalty ratio reached by Microsoft and Motorola through hypothetical negotiation.

　　Considering the stacking of royalties, the Microsoft case decided to adjust the royalty ratio to 19.5 cents per single product based on the high royalty ratio estimated by Microsoft expert witnesses based on the structure of patent pool Via Licensing 802.11, and take it as the upper limit of the FRAND grant range of Motorola 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio. As for the lower limit of the scope of FRAND grant for Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent portfolio, the Microsoft case further holds that the lower limit should be the lowest value of standard essential patent that the standard essential patentee will agree to accept after considering the importance of its related patents to the 802.11 standard and standard user products. Considering the limited evidence in this case, the court found that 0.8 US dollars per single product is the lower limit of FRAND royalty.

　　To sum up, the FRAND royalty rate set in the Microsoft case judgment is: the FRAND royalty rate of Motorola’s H.264 standard essential patent is 0.555 cents per single product, and the upper limit of the FRAND royalty rate range is 16.389 cents per single product, and the lower limit is 0.555 cents. This royalty ratio and scope apply to Microsoft’s Window and Xbox products, and other Microsoft products using H.264 standard apply to the lower royalty ratio of 0.555 cents. The FRAND royalty rate of Motorola’s 802.11 standard essential patent is 3.471 cents per single product, and the upper limit of the FRAND royalty rate range is 19.5 cents per single product, and the lower limit is 0.8 cents per single product. The royalty rate and scope are applicable to Microsoft’s Xbox products, and other Microsoft products using the 802.11 standard are subject to the lower royalty rate of 0.8 cents. (Peking University International Intellectual Property Research Center Li Yang Liu Ying)

　This article only represents the opinions of experts in the research base and may not be reproduced without permission.

　

　　[Notes]

　　[1] The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines it as "any patent or patent application that may completely or partially cover the draft standard". The American Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) interprets it as the so-called "necessary patent requirements" refers to the patent claims that will be used when implementing the standard clauses (whether mandatory or optional) of a draft standard.

　　[2] Electronic Intellectual Property Editorial Department. 2012 Electronic Intellectual Property Annual News Inventory International Articles [J]. Electronic Intellectual Property. 2013 (issue 1.2).

　　[3] The approximate case of Microsoft case is as follows: On October 21 and 29, 2010, Motorola informed Microsoft in writing that the licensing conditions of its 802.11 standard essential patent and H.264 standard essential patent were 2.25% of the final product price of Microsoft. In November, 2010, Microsoft took the initiative to file a lawsuit with the Federal District Court for the Western District of Washington on the grounds that Motorola’s licensing offer violated its RAND authorization commitment to standardization organizations IEEE and ITU.

　　The general case of Huawei is as follows: Huawei and American IDC are both members of the European Telecommunications Standardization Organization (ETSI). American IDC claims that it has many standard essential patents in the fields of 2G, 3G, 4G and IEEE802. Huawei acknowledges that these necessary patents of IDC have been incorporated into China wireless communication standards, and its products must meet these standards. From September 2008 to August 2012, IDC sent four written authorization offers to Huawei. In the first and second written offers, IDC hopes to obtain royalties from Huawei from 2009 to 2016, which is equivalent to 100 times that of Apple in the United States and 10 times that of Samsung in South Korea in the same period. In the third written offer, IDC hopes to get 35 times as much royalties from Huawei as IDC gave to Apple in the same period. In the fourth written offer, IDC hopes to get royalties from Huawei, which is equivalent to 19 times that of IDC to Apple in the same period. In these four offers, IDC did not make any distinction between standard essential patents and non-standard essential patents. In the fourth offer, IDC made it clear that rejecting any specific terms of the offer meant rejecting the whole offer. In order to force Huawei to accept its offer authorization conditions, in July and September 2011, IDC filed a complaint and prosecution with the US International Trade Commission and the US District Court Delaware respectively, accusing Huawei’s communication products of infringing its patent rights and demanding a ban.It is forbidden to import and sell Huawei products into the United States. In addition, the analysis report provided by Huawei by STRATEGY ANALYTICS, a famous American data survey and analysis company, shows that the company has analyzed the shipments, market share and net sales of the world’s top mobile phone companies from 2007 to 2012. Nokia, Samsung, Apple, LG, RIM, Motorola, HTC and Sony are on its analysis list, but Huawei has not been able to enter the analysis list. Accordingly, Huawei filed a lawsuit in the Shenzhen Intermediate People’s Court in December 2011, accusing IDC of violating the FRAND principle in its four offers, and demanding that IDC grant it the necessary patent license in accordance with the FRAND principle.

　　[4] See Microsoft Corp. V Motorola Inc,No.C10-1823JLR.ORDER-20.

　　[5] See Microsoft Corp. V Motorola Inc,No.C10-1823JLR.ORDER-24.

　　Shichahai in Beijing has been a scenic spot for literati to sing since ancient times, and now it has become an important historical and cultural protection area. The TV series Shichahai, which is being broadcast on CCTV, depicts the great Beijing amorous feelings reflected by Shichahai’s mirror in a small way through the ideological collision and emotional blending of a family of three generations, and shows the rapid development of contemporary China and the dedication spirit of the times from one side.　

　　From the perspective of modern family, it is the narrative style of Shichahai to spread out the group images of characters and contemporary life pictures on the background of history and humanity. In the play, Zhuang Weitian, played by Liu Peiqi, passed on the culinary skills and the cultural essence of "diligence" in old Beijing to the younger generation with his own personal experience, so that the new generation of young people can remember the purpose of "art is fragrance, virtue is soul", do things in a down-to-earth manner and be serious.　

　　If we say that Zhuang Weitian in the play represents the persistence and persistence of the older generation; Zhuang Zhibin, the eldest son, actively started a business, which is a portrayal of middle-aged people in today’s society; Then the younger generation of Zhuang Xiaoxiao and Xiang Dong inject new vitality into the capital culture and Beijing spirit. They live freely and casually, constantly looking for the meaning of youth, and show the high spirits of a new generation of young people.　

　　Different from Zhuang Weitian’s business philosophy of "Don’t talk about peaches and plums, learn from others", Zhuang Xiaoxiao and other younger generations used the Internet to expand publicity, and new and old ideas formed a fusion and collision. Moreover, there is a foreign photographer David who is obsessed with China culture, and his appearance symbolizes the collision and communication between Chinese and Western cultures. It is precisely because of Chinese culture’s continuous "going out" that more foreigners will understand the charm of China culture and make the culture of Jingweier more modern and international. In the latest TV series, David is not only infected by the profound Chinese culture, but also has a warm pursuit for Zhuang Weitian’s daughter Zhuang Jing.　

　　"Shichahai" seems to tell the story of a traditional family in Shichahai, but in fact, it presents the life of ordinary people from a small perspective. On the one hand, the play reflects the warmth of the family and creates a better life with hard-working hands. On the other hand, it tells a lot of cultural heritage and local customs of Beijing, so that modern young people can understand the cultural heritage of Beijing, and at the same time, the older generation can absorb the way of thinking of modern life. Shichahai presents the collision between the old generation and the new generation, the blending of local culture and foreign culture, and the exchange of eastern culture and western culture. It is these integrations and collisions that keep the city of Beijing alive forever.　

　　The success of a play depends to a great extent on the details. Shichahai embeds food culture, hutong culture, architectural culture and folk culture into the works, and is especially careful in the performance of details. In the play, every room in the courtyard where the banker lives is configured according to the occupants’ own personality. For example, in the old couple’s house in Zhuang Weitian, there is no cement floor and no plaster wall. The ground is all floor tiles, and the walls are covered with wallpaper, with original carved flowers and partition fans, because the old lady in the play likes painting, and the room is furnished with exquisite Four Treasures of the Study. Because the plot runs through the whole play with palace cuisine, food is an important element in the play. In the detail of food, the production process and close-ups of dishes in TV series are all up to the standard of food documentary. Some netizens said that this is a TV series with "taste". Watching Chef Zhuang’s cooking drool across the screen, I thought that the "tip of the tongue" series had been updated. In fact, the crew did invite the team who participated in the creation of "China on the Tip of the Tongue" to shoot the food scene, which made this Beijing-style food drama with full color, fragrance and taste more delicious.